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Microbiology > Smartbook CH. 12 > Flashcards

Smartbook CH. 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

A

antimicrobial

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2
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug?

A

Inexpensive

Longevity

Selective toxicity to infecting agent

Microbicidal

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3
Q

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

A

true

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4
Q

Antibiotics are made primarily by aerobic spore-forming _____ and _____.

A

bacteria and fungi

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5
Q

What is the term for an antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory?

A

synthetic

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6
Q

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

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7
Q

Which of the following is an antimicrobial drug isolated from natural sources and then chemically modified in the laboratory?

A

semisynthetic

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8
Q

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

A

antibiotic

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9
Q

The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk is called which of the following?

A

Prophylaxis

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10
Q

A great number of antibiotics are derived from which of the following bacterial genera?

A

Streptomyces

Bacillus

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11
Q

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called

A

selective toxicity

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12
Q

Which of the following are synthetic antimicrobial drugs?

A

Azoles

Quinolones

Quinines

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13
Q

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

A

Cell membrane

Nucleic acids

Cell wall

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

A

narrow

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15
Q

The most common approach to drug production is the _____ method, which combines both natural and synthetic methods.

A

semisynthetic

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16
Q

Which of the following occurs when antibiotics interact in ways that enhance or magnify each other?

A

Synergism

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17
Q

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?

A

Peptidoglycan

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18
Q

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

A

Penicillin

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19
Q

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

A

Young, growing

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20
Q

Primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

A

Nucleic acids

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

A

Ampicillin
Cycloserine
Vancomycin

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22
Q

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

A

Broad spectrum

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23
Q

True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

A

Cell wall

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25
Q

Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting components of which processes?

A

DNA replication

Transcription

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26
Q

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

A

Cell lysis

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27
Q

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

A

Ribosomes

Nucleic acids

Cell membrane

Cell wall

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28
Q

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?

A

Cell wall construction

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29
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following?

A

Cell metabolism

Osmotic tolerance

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30
Q

Protein synthesis inhibiting drugs affect the activity of which of the following?

A

Ribosomes

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31
Q

The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit which of the following?

A

Helicase

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32
Q

Antimicrobial drugs interfere with nucleic acid synthesis by blocking synthesis of nucleotides, inhibiting replication, or stopping transcription.

A
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32
Q

Antimicrobial drugs interfere with nucleic acid synthesis by blocking synthesis of nucleotides, inhibiting replication, or stopping transcription.

A
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33
Q

The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit DNA-unwinding enzymes or helicases, thereby stopping DNA replication and repair.

A
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34
Q

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

A

Competitive

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35
Q

Sulfonamides compete with
_____ for the active site of the enzyme that synthesizes the folic acid precursor.

A

PABA

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36
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that block bacterial protein synthesis could also affect which of the following in the host cell?

A

Eukaryotic mitochondria

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37
Q

One potential therapeutic consequence of drugs that bind to the prokaryotic ribosomes is the damage they can do to eukaryotic mitochondria.

A
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38
Q

Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring?

A

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

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39
Q

_____ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

A

metabolic

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40
Q

Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?

A

Penicillin G

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41
Q

Which of the following interfere with folate metabolism?

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

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42
Q

_____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

A

semisynthetic

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43
Q

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?

A

Cell wall construction

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44
Q

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

A

Nafcillin

Cloxacillin

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45
Q

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

A

Beta-lactam ring

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46
Q

Patients taking penicillin may experience ________

A

allergic reactions

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47
Q

____ ____ serves as the parent compound for all “-cillin” drugs..

A

Penicillin G

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48
Q

Isoniazid works by interfering with the synthesis of _______

A

mycolic acid

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49
Q

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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50
Q

The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures?

A

Ribosome

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51
Q

Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic?

A

Beta-lactamase

Penicillinase

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52
Q

Which of the following diseases can be treated with tetracyclines such as doxycycline and minocycline?

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Cholera

Mycoplasma pneumonia

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53
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that block bacterial protein synthesis could also affect which of the following in the host cell?

A

Eukaryotic mitochondria

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54
Q

The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the

A

tetracyclines

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55
Q

Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following?

A

Resistant strains of pathogens

Allergic responses

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56
Q

Griseofulvin is which type of agent?

A

Antifungal

57
Q

Which two of the following antibiotics are used to treat tuberculosis?

A

Ethambutol

Isoniazid

58
Q

Which of the following was the principal treatment for malaria for hundreds of years?

A

Quinine

59
Q

Tetracyclines inhibit __________ ?

A

Protein synthesis

60
Q

Which of the following drugs are currently in use against Plasmodium infections?

A

Chloroquine

Primaquine

61
Q

Which tetracycline is being used in hospitals to treat MRSA infections?

A

Tigecycline

62
Q

Metronidazole is classified as which type of agent?

A

Amoebicide

63
Q

What is a major side effect of tetracyclines?

A

Deposition in hard tissues

64
Q

Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because both organisms are which of the following?

A

Eukaryotes

65
Q

The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms typically block metabolism at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicate the adult worms.

A
66
Q

The bark of the Cinchona tree is used to make

A

quinine

67
Q

In recent years quinine has been replaced in the treatment of malaria by drugs in which of the following categories?

A

Quinolines

68
Q

True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

A

True

69
Q

Antiviral drugs prevent the replication of viral particles.

A
70
Q

Metronidazole is used to treat which of the following protozoan pathogens?

A

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

Entamoeba histolytica

71
Q

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

A

Converts RNA to DNA

72
Q

The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the

A

tetracyclines

73
Q

What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?

A

Retrovirus

74
Q

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _______ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

A

metabolism

75
Q

Interferon is produced primarily by

A

fibroblasts
leukocytes

76
Q

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

A

Barring virus penetration into host cell

Blocking virus transcription and translation

Preventing virus maturation

77
Q

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

A

Drug resistance

78
Q

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called

A

reverse transcriptase

79
Q

Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)

A

retrovirus

80
Q

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ______ or gene transfer from another species.

A

mutations

81
Q

A resistance factor is a _______ that confers drug resistance and is often shared among bacteria by conjugation.

A

plasmid

82
Q

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

A

Interferon

83
Q

Organisms resistant to penicillins and _________ often produce beta-lactamases that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring structure of the antibiotic.

A

cephalosporins

84
Q

The outer membrane of some Gram- ______ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

A

gram-negative

85
Q

One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) _____ that alters the structure of the drug.

A

enzyme

86
Q

Resistance to aminoglycosides can result from changes in cell permeability caused by mutations in proteins in which of the following?

A

Transport system

Outer membrane

87
Q

Drug resistance arises from

A

an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism

from a spontaneous mutation within the chromosomes

88
Q

Which is the mechanism used by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps to expel antimicrobial drugs and other toxic substances from a bacterial cell?

A

Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis

89
Q

Resistance factors are shared among bacteria by which of the following processes?

A

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

90
Q

Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism’s __________.

A

50S ribosomal subunit

91
Q

The production of beta-lactamases is responsible for which of the following?

A

Drug inactivation

92
Q

Resistance to which of the following drugs develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid?

A

Trimethoprim

Sulfonamides

93
Q

Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?

A

Enzymes

94
Q

Bacteria that form ______ are difficult to control because the buildup of cells makes it difficult to for the antibiotic to reach a majority of the cells.

A

biofilms

95
Q

The _____ _____ of the cell wall of certain gram-negative bacteria is a natural blockade against some penicillin derivatives.

A

outer membrane

96
Q

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

A

Natural selection

97
Q

Many bacteria possess multidrug-resistant (MDR) _____ that actively transport drugs and other chemicals out of cells.

A

pumps

98
Q

Drug _____ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.

A

resistance

99
Q

The use of two or more drugs to treat one infection or disease is called

A

combination therapy

100
Q

Resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim develops when microbes use an alternative pathway for _____ acid synthesis.

A

folic

101
Q

Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Host cell metabolism of drug

102
Q

Biofilms are best known to do which of the following?

A

Reduce drug efficacy

103
Q

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

A

Immune

104
Q

Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is common

A
105
Q

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species?

A

Broad-spectrum

106
Q

Which of the following are strategies that can help limit drug resistance of microorganisms?

A

Physicians should prescribe antibiotics carefully by choosing narrow-spectrum agents when possible

Research should focus on developing shorter term, higher-dose antibiotics

Patients must comply with physicians guidelines when taking antibiotics

107
Q

One approach to deal with microbes known to be drug resistant is to do which of the following?

A

Combined therapies

108
Q

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Disruption of normal microflora

Allergic reactions

Damage to host tissues due to toxicity

109
Q

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?

A

Superinfection

110
Q

_____ sp. can cause superinfections of the oropharynx called thrush.

A

Candida

111
Q

Which of the following are known to cause superinfections?

A

Tetracyclines

Cephalosporin

Clindamycin

112
Q

True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.

A

true

113
Q

Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Host cell metabolism of drug

114
Q

A side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Disruption of normal microflora

Damage to host tissues due to toxicity

Allergic reactions

115
Q

Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?

A

Bacteria

Fungi

116
Q

When a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic is given to a patient with a UTI infection caused by E. coli, one possible side effect is a vaginal infection caused by which fungus?

A

Candida albicans

117
Q

Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility?

A

Group A streptococci

118
Q

Antibiotic-associated colitis is caused by which of the following bacteria?

A

Clostridium difficile

119
Q

The Kirby-Bauer technique is not recommended for which bacterium?

A

Mycobacterium sp.

120
Q

Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?

A

The overall health of the patient

The nature of the infecting agent

The sensitivity of the infecting agent

121
Q

_____ is an agar diffusion test that can be used on anaerobes, mycobacteria, and fungi.

A

Etest

122
Q

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic,

A

penicillin

123
Q

True or false: The Etest can be used to quantify developing resistance of a particular organism to an antibiotic.

A

true

124
Q

Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?

A

Staphylococcus sp.

Enterococcus faecalis

Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli

125
Q

Which of the following involves serially diluting an antibiotic in order to determine the susceptibility of a test bacterium to the drug?

A

Tube dilution

126
Q

Which of the following techniques is an agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain?

A

Kirby-Bauer

127
Q

The inability of a drug to _____ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

A

diffuse

128
Q

Which of the following TIs would be the riskier choice?

A

1.1

129
Q

Which of the following is an agar diffusion test that utilizes gradients of antibiotics on strips?

A

Etest

130
Q

Kirby-Bauer uses antibiotic disks.

A
131
Q

Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?

A

Isoniazid

132
Q

The Etest uses a(n) ______ gradient.

A

ANTIBIOTIC

133
Q

MIC is the acronym for

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

134
Q

Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) _____ culture (more than one species).

A

mixed

135
Q

Which of the following is the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose that is used to assess the safety and reliability of the drug?

A

Therapeutic index

136
Q

Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?

A

Elderly

Pregnant women

Infants

137
Q

When these two drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased.

A

Aminoglycosides

Cephalosporins

138
Q

The type of antimicrobial resistance that is of most concern today:

A

acquired

139
Q

Synercid binds to sites on the 50S ribosomal subunit. Synercid interferes with

A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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