Smartbook CH. 8 Flashcards
1
Q
ffacillThe term “metabolism” includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
A
Both anabolic and catabolic
2
Q
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
A
anabolic and catabolic reactions
3
Q
Which best describes the function of enzymes?
A
Facilitate metabolic pathways
4
Q
Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as a catalyst?
A
proteins
5
Q
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of
A
activation; energy of activation
6
Q
The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed
A
metabolism
7
Q
Enzymes are typically ____ than substrates.
A
larger
8
Q
______ act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.
A
enzymes
9
Q
Most enzymes are a functional type of ______ (a type of macromolecule).
A
protein
10
Q
What term refers to a biological catalyst that lacks an essential cofactor?
A
Apoenzyme
11
Q
An enzyme acts as a biological ______ that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.
A
catalyst
12
Q
For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______.
A
bind to a cofactor
13
Q
What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?
A
Activation energy
14
Q
Which of the following is needed for an apoenzyme to be fully functional?
A
Cofactor
15
Q
Substrates are generally ______ than the enzymes to which they bind.
A
smaller
16
Q
Which aspect of an enzyme’s structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate?
A
Folding to produce a 3-D structure
17
Q
Which feature of an enzyme is the “most” unique?
A
Active site
18
Q
A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n)
A
apoenzyme
19
Q
An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) _____ , or a conjugated enzyme.
A
holoenzyme
20
Q
Enzymes are named and classified according to their
A
Site of action
Type of action
Substrate
21
Q
is an organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional.
A
cofactor
22
Q
Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their ______ for a particular substrate.
A
specificity
23
Q
An enzyme’s ______ site is unique for each substrate.
A
active
24
Q
What term is used to describe enzymes which work outside the cell?
A
Exoenzymes
25
Most enzymes are named to reflect which of the following?
action of the enzyme
26
describes any enzyme that works within a cell in which it was produced.
endoenzyme
27
needed for optimal function of an enzyme?
Temperature, pressure, and pH can cause the loss of a protein's native conformation.
28
Labile means which of the following?
Chemically unstable
29
What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt?
Denaturation
30
Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturation of cellular enzymes, resulting in blocks to metabolic reactions and ultimately in cell death.
true
31
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require
one enzyme
32
Which of the following can result in the denaturation of enzymes?
High temperatures
Changes in pH
Chemicals
33
Compounds are called ______ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.
labile
34
The product of one reaction may act as the ______ for the next reaction in a metabolic pathway.
substrate, reactant, or precursor
35
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein ______.
denaturation
36
In ______ inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate.
competitive, competitive inhibition
37
If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to:
cell death
38
______ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.
Competitive
39
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ______
enzyme
40
Negative feedback is a process that ______ enzyme activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced.
decreases; product
41
Which is NOT a physical condition needed for optimal function of an enzyme?
Substrate concentration
42
In ______ enzyme inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site.
noncompetitive, feedback, or allosteric
43
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable
energy
44
Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by
Blocking the active site of the enzyme
Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction
45
Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by
Blocking the active site of the enzyme
Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction
45
Inhibitors that share binding affinity with the substrate is termed a ______ inhibitor.
competitive
46
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______ and the transfer of ______ from one molecule to another.
bonds, electrons
47
A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called
negative feedback
48
Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed
redox reactions
49
An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a ____ inhibitor.
noncompetitive
50
Oxidation reactions are coupled with ______ reactions.
reduction
51
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form.
energy
52
Which is NOT a common cellular coenzyme that carries electrons?
ADP
53
In ______ inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate.
competitive
54
Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions?
ATP
55
Ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions?
Making and breaking chemical bonds
Transferring electrons
56
In ATP there are ____ phosphate groups?
3 phosphate groups
57
AMP has how many phosphate groups? (Mono = 1)
1 phosphate group
58
ADP has how many phosphate groups? (Di = 2)
2 phosphate groups
59
Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions. (LeO, GeR)
redox
60
How many bonds must be broken in ADP to form AMP?
1
61
Compounds that are oxidized will ______ electrons
lose electrons (LeO, GeR)
62
Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system?
Oxidative phosphorylation
63
common coenzymes acting as electron carriers in your cells:
FAD or NAD
64
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Respiratory chain or electron transport
65
____ is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring electrons.
ATP
66
For aerobic respiration, which is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
67
To form ADP, a total of ______ phosphate bond(s) must be broken from ATP.
one
68
An electron transport system and chemiosmosis are used to produce ATP in non photosynthetic microorganisms via
oxidative phosphorylation
69
Which of the following is NOT a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
oxygen
70
Which of the following is an energy-poor product of aerobic respiration?
CO2 and Water H2O
71
Which is an energy-rich product of aerobic respiration?
ATP
72
Which two of the following macromolecules have the most accessible energy stored within their structures?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
73
In ______ respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
aerobic
74
Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?
Glycolysis
75
The NET output of glycolysis is ____ ATP, ____ NADH, and ____ pyruvic acid molecules per glucose.
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic acid molecules per glucose
76
____ is the useful final product of aerobic respiration.
ATP
77
In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the ____, or citric acid cycle.
Krebs
78
Energy-rich ______ (i.e. glucose) and ______ (i.e. fatty acids) can both enter respiration pathways.
carbohydrates, sugars or glucose
lipids
79
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the ______ matric, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the ______?
mitochondrial
cytoplasm
80
During the Krebs cycle, ____ CO2, ____ FADH2, ____ NADH, and ____ ATP are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
4 CO2
2 FADH2
6 NADH
2 ATP
81
In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to _____ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of ____.
oxygen
water
82
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is?
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic acid
83
What is the typical "next step" for pyruvate at the end of glycolysis following normal aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle
84
ATP ____ is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP synthase
85
ATP is synthesized via ______ phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
86
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle produces:
6 NADH
4 CO2
2 FADH2
2 ATP
87
The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________.
O2 or oxygen
88
______ is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme.
Chemiosmosis
89
The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the _____ _____ _____
proton motive force
90
ATP synthase is principally composed of _____.
amino acids
91
In bacteria, protons are moved from the cytoplasm to the ____ space during chemiosmosis.
periplasmic space
92
What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS?
Oxidative phosphorylation
93
The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria.
inner mitochondrial; plasma
94
Which enzymes neutralize toxic products of respiration in aerobic organisms?
Dismutase
Peroxidase
Catalase
95
Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes.
chemiosmosis
96
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
38
97
As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production.
proton motive force
98
In prokaryotes, the protons are pumped actively across the ______ membrane by the electron transport carriers.
cellular (plasma)
99
True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.
true
100
When _____ supplies have been depleted in human muscle cells, ATP can be produced by _____ acid fermentation for short periods of time.
oxygen, lactic
101
Which is NOT a toxic product generated by side reactions during aerobic respiration?
Superoxide dismutase
102
Typically, ____ ATP are netted by fermentation.
2
103
At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
104
Fermentation results in the production of ____ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
fewer
105
Identify two different fermentation pathways
Alcoholic fermentation
Acidic fermentation
106
Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation?
organic compounds
107
When would human cells use fermentation as opposed to respiration to produce ATP?
When oxygen is low
108
What term is used to describe the link between anabolic and catabolic reactions where intermediate metabolites can move between the reactions?
Amphilbolism
109
How many net ATP are generated during fermentation?
2
110
When the process of anabolism synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called?
binary fission
111
Fermentation allows survival and growth in the absence of ______ and allows colonization of ____ environments.
oxygen
anaerobic
112
______ describes a metabolism where the intermediate products of a catabolic reactions can be used in anabolic reactions.
Amphibolism
113
Which energy-requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?
binary fission
