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Small ruminant respiratory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia complex of small ruminants

A
  • Similar to that of cattle
  • Pulmonary defense mechanisms must be violated for occurrence
  • Stress –> virus –> bacteria
  • Environment and management are important
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2
Q

Age of most small ruminants that get pneumonia complex

A
  • <1 year
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3
Q

Enzootic pneumonia in Sm Rum - how common? age range? pathogenicity high or low?

A
  • Common
  • Mostly young
  • Low pathogenicity
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4
Q

Etiology of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Nospecific pathogens
  • Mycoplasma ovipneumonia often
  • M. haemolytica is a common secondary pathogen
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5
Q

How many sheep tend to get enzootic pneumonia by 4-5 months?

A
  • Up to 85% may have lesions by 4-5 months

- Chronic, mildly pathogenic

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6
Q

How does failure of passive transfer of immunity impact enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • IMpacts onset and occurrence
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7
Q

Significance of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Decreased performance
  • Carcass rejection
  • Increased mortality with secondary infections
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8
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Insidious, may not see overt clinical signs
  • Low/moderate fever, nasal discharge
  • Dyspnea, cough, decreased feed intake, decreased weight gain
  • Signs vary
  • SHEEP ARE TOUGH
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9
Q

necropsy of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Anterioventral atelectasis
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10
Q

Treatment of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Often not done
  • Individuals can get antibiotics, NSAIDs, and support (three Rs)
  • Groups can get mass medications in water
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11
Q

Prevention of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • No specific respiratory vaccines marketed for sheep/goats in the US***
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12
Q

What organism causes pasteurellosis in sheep/goats?

A
  • Pathogenic strains of Pasteurella hemolytica
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13
Q

Severity of Pasteurellosis

A
  • Severe and often fatal
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14
Q

2 forms of Pasteurellosis in sheep/goats

A
  • Pneumonic

- Septicemic

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15
Q

Etiology of Pasteurellosis

A
  • P. hemolytica (types A & T)

- VIRUSES PREDISPOSE AGAIN

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16
Q

Which biotype of Pasteurella (M. hemolytica) causes pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Biotype A
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17
Q

Who gets pneumonic pasteurellosis?

A
  • All ages, but mostly young

- Pasture and feed lot animals

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18
Q

Timeline for pasteurellosis (pneumonic)

A
  • Spring, summer
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19
Q

Factors contributing to Pasteurellosis

A
  • Climate
  • management
  • Poor nutrition
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20
Q

Primary losses in pasteurellosis

A
  • Death and poor performance
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21
Q

Signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Fever, depression, anorexia
  • Cough, dyspnea, frothing
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Increased lung sounds, crackles, wheezes
  • Death can occur in 1-3 days
  • Chronics can have lung abscesses, adhesions, etc.
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22
Q

Necropsy findings of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Lung consolidation
  • Pleural fibrin
  • Pleural effusion
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23
Q

Which biotype causes septicemic pasteurellosis?

A
  • M. hemolytica, biotype T
24
Q

Who gets septicemic pasteurellosis?

A
  • Lambs <12 months
25
Contributing factors to septicemic pasteurellosis?
- Stress | - Malnutrition, transport, weaning, etc.
26
Mortality of septicemic pasteurellosis
- Significant in a pretty short period of time
27
Clinical signs of septicemic pasteurellosis
- Fever, severe depression, anorexia - Recumbency - Frothy, bloody nasal discharge (terminal) - RAPID course - death in as little as 6 hours
28
Necropsy findings of Pasteurellosis
- Subcutaneous petechia and ecchymoses - Bloody forth in airways - Lungs wet, heavy (little pneumonic lesions) - Lymphadenopathy - Fibrin deposition in and on viscera
29
Shock organ in pasteurellosis
- Lung
30
Treatment of Pasteurellosis
- Antimicrobials AGGRESSIVELY - NSAIDs - 3 Rs (rest, rumen, rehydration) * MANY DIE DESPITE ALL LEVELS OF TREATMENT *
31
Prevention of pasteurellosis
- Minimize stress - Medicate feeds/water - Metaphylaxis - Vaccines (NONE)
32
What is caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?
- Mycoplasma mycoides, sbsp mycoides (large colony type) | - Mmm
33
What are the three aspects of clinical syndromes in kids with caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?
1. Peracute illness (high fever and death in 12-24 hr) 2. CNS disease (opisthotonos and death in 24-72) 3. Acute to subacute illness (fever, arthritis, pneumonia)
34
Age range of goat kids impacted by caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?
- 2-8 weeks | - Often normal until then
35
Clinical syndromes in does with caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?
- mastitis, polyarthritis, pneumonia
36
Clinical pathology of caprine mycoplasma pneumonia
- Isolate organisms from milk, joints, blood, urine, or tissue - Bulk milk cultures
37
What is the key to Mycoplasma pneumonia transmission?
- Nursing - Organism localized to udder of non-clinical dam - Kids infected via colostrum
38
Necropsy of Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Fibrinopurulent polyarthritis | - 50% have pneumonia and fibrinous pleuropneumonia
39
Treatment of caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?
- Usually not effective (tylosin, tetracycliens) - Kids get chronic arthritis - Does get mastitis and are chronic carriers
40
Prevention of caprine Mycoplasma pneumonia (KEY)
- Monitor and test to maintain free herds - Feed pasteurized colostrum and milk up to 1 month - Milking hygiene - Cull kids with signs (arthritis)
41
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) general characteristics
- Retroviral (lentivirus) disease of sheep - Slowly developing interstitial pneumonia, mastitis, and eventual death - OPP and Maedi-Visna related to CAEV
42
Where is OPP prevalent?
- worldwide | - Variable prevalence in the US up to 70%
43
Who gets OPP?
- All ages and breeds
44
Transmission of OPP
- Contact (nasal droplets) - Colostrum, milk (any tissues with monocytes or macrophages)**** - Vertical (rare)
45
Morbidity and Mortality of OPP
- Up to 70% morbidity - 100% mortality - If they have it, they will die of it
46
Incubation period of OPP
- ~2 years | - Slowly progressive
47
Clinical signs of OPP
- Slow progression - Early on dry cough - Depression, weight loss, exercise intolerance, minimal nasal discharge - Dyspnea later on (death from asphyxia) - May see hard bag, arthritis, and/or encephalitis
48
Pathophysiology of OPP
- Infection from oral or respiratory transmission - Infects monocytes/macrophages - Goes systemically (lungs, mammae, lymph nodes, etc.) - Virus persists and replicates** - Aberrant immune regulation** - Antigen variation** - Continuous Antigen stimulation (immune mediated inflammation of target tissues)***
49
Clin Path of OPP
- Mononuclear infiltration in effusions and CSF
50
Necropsy findings of OPP
- Enlarged, heavy, grey/yellow lungs that don't collapse - Enlarged LNs (thoracic) - Udder: enlarged and firm - Arthritis - Non-suppurative encephalitis (monocytes)
51
Diagnostic tests for OPP
- Serology with AGID - ELISA - Clinical signs - Serology - Virus isolation - Necropsy
52
How old to test animals for AGID or ELISA?
- >6 months - Takes time for Antibody response - Passive antibody declines by 6 months
53
What does a negative serology mean?
- Not infected or antibody levels are too low
54
Positive serology meaning?
- Infection (may not be correlated with current disease)
55
ELISA comparison to AGI
- Increased sensitivity | - Effect of PT? Serial measurements
56
Treatment for OPP
- None
57
Prevention of OPP
- Test, separate, cull (repeat testing) - Pasteurize colostrum (56°C for 30 min and use clean colostrum) - Immediate removal of lambs born to infected ewes

Ag Animal II (13 decks)

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