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Ag Animal II > Small ruminant respiratory diseases > Flashcards

Small ruminant respiratory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia complex of small ruminants

A
  • Similar to that of cattle
  • Pulmonary defense mechanisms must be violated for occurrence
  • Stress –> virus –> bacteria
  • Environment and management are important
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2
Q

Age of most small ruminants that get pneumonia complex

A
  • <1 year
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3
Q

Enzootic pneumonia in Sm Rum - how common? age range? pathogenicity high or low?

A
  • Common
  • Mostly young
  • Low pathogenicity
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4
Q

Etiology of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Nospecific pathogens
  • Mycoplasma ovipneumonia often
  • M. haemolytica is a common secondary pathogen
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5
Q

How many sheep tend to get enzootic pneumonia by 4-5 months?

A
  • Up to 85% may have lesions by 4-5 months

- Chronic, mildly pathogenic

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6
Q

How does failure of passive transfer of immunity impact enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • IMpacts onset and occurrence
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7
Q

Significance of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Decreased performance
  • Carcass rejection
  • Increased mortality with secondary infections
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8
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Insidious, may not see overt clinical signs
  • Low/moderate fever, nasal discharge
  • Dyspnea, cough, decreased feed intake, decreased weight gain
  • Signs vary
  • SHEEP ARE TOUGH
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9
Q

necropsy of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Anterioventral atelectasis
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10
Q

Treatment of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Often not done
  • Individuals can get antibiotics, NSAIDs, and support (three Rs)
  • Groups can get mass medications in water
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11
Q

Prevention of enzootic pneumonia

A
  • No specific respiratory vaccines marketed for sheep/goats in the US***
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12
Q

What organism causes pasteurellosis in sheep/goats?

A
  • Pathogenic strains of Pasteurella hemolytica
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13
Q

Severity of Pasteurellosis

A
  • Severe and often fatal
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14
Q

2 forms of Pasteurellosis in sheep/goats

A
  • Pneumonic

- Septicemic

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15
Q

Etiology of Pasteurellosis

A
  • P. hemolytica (types A & T)

- VIRUSES PREDISPOSE AGAIN

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16
Q

Which biotype of Pasteurella (M. hemolytica) causes pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Biotype A
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17
Q

Who gets pneumonic pasteurellosis?

A
  • All ages, but mostly young

- Pasture and feed lot animals

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18
Q

Timeline for pasteurellosis (pneumonic)

A
  • Spring, summer
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19
Q

Factors contributing to Pasteurellosis

A
  • Climate
  • management
  • Poor nutrition
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20
Q

Primary losses in pasteurellosis

A
  • Death and poor performance
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21
Q

Signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Fever, depression, anorexia
  • Cough, dyspnea, frothing
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Increased lung sounds, crackles, wheezes
  • Death can occur in 1-3 days
  • Chronics can have lung abscesses, adhesions, etc.
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22
Q

Necropsy findings of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A
  • Lung consolidation
  • Pleural fibrin
  • Pleural effusion
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23
Q

Which biotype causes septicemic pasteurellosis?

A
  • M. hemolytica, biotype T
24
Q

Who gets septicemic pasteurellosis?

A
  • Lambs <12 months
25
Q

Contributing factors to septicemic pasteurellosis?

A
  • Stress

- Malnutrition, transport, weaning, etc.

26
Q

Mortality of septicemic pasteurellosis

A
  • Significant in a pretty short period of time
27
Q

Clinical signs of septicemic pasteurellosis

A
  • Fever, severe depression, anorexia
  • Recumbency
  • Frothy, bloody nasal discharge (terminal)
  • RAPID course - death in as little as 6 hours
28
Q

Necropsy findings of Pasteurellosis

A
  • Subcutaneous petechia and ecchymoses
  • Bloody forth in airways
  • Lungs wet, heavy (little pneumonic lesions)
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Fibrin deposition in and on viscera
29
Q

Shock organ in pasteurellosis

A
  • Lung
30
Q

Treatment of Pasteurellosis

A
  • Antimicrobials AGGRESSIVELY
  • NSAIDs
  • 3 Rs (rest, rumen, rehydration)
  • MANY DIE DESPITE ALL LEVELS OF TREATMENT *
31
Q

Prevention of pasteurellosis

A
  • Minimize stress
  • Medicate feeds/water
  • Metaphylaxis
  • Vaccines (NONE)
32
Q

What is caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A
  • Mycoplasma mycoides, sbsp mycoides (large colony type)

- Mmm

33
Q

What are the three aspects of clinical syndromes in kids with caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A
  1. Peracute illness (high fever and death in 12-24 hr)
  2. CNS disease (opisthotonos and death in 24-72)
  3. Acute to subacute illness (fever, arthritis, pneumonia)
34
Q

Age range of goat kids impacted by caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A
  • 2-8 weeks

- Often normal until then

35
Q

Clinical syndromes in does with caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A
  • mastitis, polyarthritis, pneumonia
36
Q

Clinical pathology of caprine mycoplasma pneumonia

A
  • Isolate organisms from milk, joints, blood, urine, or tissue
  • Bulk milk cultures
37
Q

What is the key to Mycoplasma pneumonia transmission?

A
  • Nursing
  • Organism localized to udder of non-clinical dam
  • Kids infected via colostrum
38
Q

Necropsy of Mycoplasma pneumonia

A
  • Fibrinopurulent polyarthritis

- 50% have pneumonia and fibrinous pleuropneumonia

39
Q

Treatment of caprine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A
  • Usually not effective (tylosin, tetracycliens)
  • Kids get chronic arthritis
  • Does get mastitis and are chronic carriers
40
Q

Prevention of caprine Mycoplasma pneumonia (KEY)

A
  • Monitor and test to maintain free herds
  • Feed pasteurized colostrum and milk up to 1 month
  • Milking hygiene
  • Cull kids with signs (arthritis)
41
Q

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) general characteristics

A
  • Retroviral (lentivirus) disease of sheep
  • Slowly developing interstitial pneumonia, mastitis, and eventual death
  • OPP and Maedi-Visna related to CAEV
42
Q

Where is OPP prevalent?

A
  • worldwide

- Variable prevalence in the US up to 70%

43
Q

Who gets OPP?

A
  • All ages and breeds
44
Q

Transmission of OPP

A
  • Contact (nasal droplets)
  • Colostrum, milk (any tissues with monocytes or macrophages)**
  • Vertical (rare)
45
Q

Morbidity and Mortality of OPP

A
  • Up to 70% morbidity
  • 100% mortality
  • If they have it, they will die of it
46
Q

Incubation period of OPP

A
  • ~2 years

- Slowly progressive

47
Q

Clinical signs of OPP

A
  • Slow progression
  • Early on dry cough
  • Depression, weight loss, exercise intolerance, minimal nasal discharge
  • Dyspnea later on (death from asphyxia)
  • May see hard bag, arthritis, and/or encephalitis
48
Q

Pathophysiology of OPP

A
  • Infection from oral or respiratory transmission
  • Infects monocytes/macrophages
  • Goes systemically (lungs, mammae, lymph nodes, etc.)
  • Virus persists and replicates**
  • Aberrant immune regulation**
  • Antigen variation**
  • Continuous Antigen stimulation (immune mediated inflammation of target tissues)***
49
Q

Clin Path of OPP

A
  • Mononuclear infiltration in effusions and CSF
50
Q

Necropsy findings of OPP

A
  • Enlarged, heavy, grey/yellow lungs that don’t collapse
  • Enlarged LNs (thoracic)
  • Udder: enlarged and firm
  • Arthritis
  • Non-suppurative encephalitis (monocytes)
51
Q

Diagnostic tests for OPP

A
  • Serology with AGID
  • ELISA
  • Clinical signs
  • Serology
  • Virus isolation
  • Necropsy
52
Q

How old to test animals for AGID or ELISA?

A
  • > 6 months
  • Takes time for Antibody response
  • Passive antibody declines by 6 months
53
Q

What does a negative serology mean?

A
  • Not infected or antibody levels are too low
54
Q

Positive serology meaning?

A
  • Infection (may not be correlated with current disease)
55
Q

ELISA comparison to AGI

A
  • Increased sensitivity

- Effect of PT? Serial measurements

56
Q

Treatment for OPP

A
  • None
57
Q

Prevention of OPP

A
  • Test, separate, cull (repeat testing)
  • Pasteurize colostrum (56°C for 30 min and use clean colostrum)
  • Immediate removal of lambs born to infected ewes

Ag Animal II (13 decks)

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