Pneumonias Flashcards
1
Q
Pneumonia classifications
A
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical signs
2
Q
How does bronchopneumonia get established?
A
- Via the pulmonary tree
3
Q
Clinical signs with bronchopneumonia
A
- Think systemic signs
- Fever, lethargy
- +/- emphysema
- +/- sepsis
- Anterio-ventral lesions and lung sounds!! (Indicates consolidation)
4
Q
How does metastatic pneumonia get established?
A
- Via blood (septic embolization from other foci)
- Classic: liver abscess and CVCT
5
Q
What characterizes metastatic pneumonia?
A
- Fever, lethargy
- Sepsis
- Widespread abnormal lung sounds
- Hemoptysis
6
Q
Interstitial pneumonia causes
A
- Diverse, but usually non-infectious
- Reaction from inahled or ingested antigens
7
Q
What characterizes interstitial pneumonia?
A
- NOT febrile, depressed, or septic
- Diffuse abnormal lung sounds
- Don’t respond to routine therapies
8
Q
Where do bacteria come from with bronchopneumonia most often?
A
- Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
- This is why doing a TTW is not likely helpful
9
Q
When do you get disease with bronchopneumonia?
A
- When host defenses are altered
10
Q
Bronchopneumonia in beef common name
A
- Shipping fever
11
Q
Bronchopneumonia in dairy common name
A
Enzootic pneumonia
12
Q
What are the three agents that factor into bronchopneumonia of ruminants?
A
- Host
- Agent
- Environment
13
Q
Host changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia
A
- Variations in host
- Immunologically naive
- Immunologically compromised
14
Q
Environment changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia
A
- Temperature, humidity, air flow, nitrogen or ammonia content
- Don’t undershoot this importance
15
Q
Agents for bronchopneumonia?
A
- Often just normal flora
- They do a respiratory panel that tests for the implicated viruses too
16
Q
Acute signs of bronchopneumonia
A
- Rapid, shallow respiration
- Dyspnea, fever, anorexia, lethargy
- Moist cough
- Increased anterio-ventral lung sounds***
- Nasal discharge
- Adventitial sounds
- Reluctant to lay down
17
Q
Subacute to chronic clinical signs of bronchopneumonia
A
- Weight loss, rough hair coat
- Moderate fever
- Tachycardia, tachypnea
- Mosit, productive cough
- Mucopurulent nasal discharge
- Ventral consolidation
- Adventitial sounds like crackles and wheezes
- Expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing
18
Q
When do adventitial sounds occur?
A
- Later on in the disease
- As they crop up, often those animals are getting over the worst of it
- Wheezes from a narrowing of the airway (intraluminal or extraluminal)
19
Q
If you hear adventitial sounds, where should you listen?
A
- Listen over the trachea because there can be referred noise?
- You can squeeze the trachea, make them cough, and get rid of the crackles (I guess this is important to him???**)
20
Q
Treatment for Bronchopneumonia***
A
- Based on clinical diagnosis and assessment
Maybe no culture and sensitivity
- Response to therapy
- Frequent re-evaluation
21
Q
What are the three main aspects of treatment for bronchopneumonia?
A
- Antimicrobials
- Anti-inflammatories
- Support
22
Q
Ceftiofur
A
- Used a lot
- Cephalosporin
- There are different forms (Naxcel, Excenel, Excede)
23
Q
What must you keep on with if you’re prescribing drugs to food animals?
A
- ALL federal and state laws
- They change a lot
- You could lose your license if you get this wrong
24
Q
Florfenicol
A
- Don’t use in female dairy cows >20 months (AKA lactating dairy cows)
25
Enrofloxacin** labeled use
- ONLY RESPIRATORY disease, beef cattle, and non-lactating dairy cattle (female dairy cattle <20 months of age)
26
ELDU of Enrofloxacin
- Don't do
| - you could lose your license
27
Danofloxacin label
- Same strict label as with enrofloxacin
- Not for cattle intended for dairy production or veal
- Federal law prohibits ELDU of this drug in food -producing animals
28
Gamithromycin
- Macrolide
- Not used in people
- Don't use in dairy cattle that are lactating, veal
29
Tildipirosin
- Prevo?
- Macrolide
- Don't use in dairy cattle or veal calves
30
Oxytetracycline
Useful I think
- Don't use in lactating dairy cattle
31
Tilmicosin
- Kills people
- Don't use in dairy cattle >20 months
- Don't use in horses, sheep, or goats due to toxicity
- FATAL to horses, pigs, and primates
32
Tylosin
- Antibiotic
33
Erythromycin
- Macrolide
34
Tulathromycin
- Very expensive
| - Mostly FYI
35
Sulfadimethoxine
- Can't use extra-labelly
- Only sulfonamide you can use
- Extra-label use of SDM is prohibited (higher dose, slow release bolus)
36
Procaine Penicillin G
- Generally used well
| - IM
37
Ampicillin
- They use it
38
Flunixin meglumine***
- Anti-inflammatory
- Used IV ONLY
- Not for lactating cows
39
Aspirin
- he doesn't like
| - It's cheap
40
Ketoprofen
- Least ulcerogenic of the drugs we have for anti-inflammatory
41
Phenylbutazone***
- Highly protein bound in cattle
- YOU CANNOT USE IN A FOOD PRODUCING ANIMAL
- Use of any phenylbutazone in an adult dairy cow is a violation of federal law
42
Drug withdrawals in healthy vs sick animals
- Remember that pharmacokinetics change when they are sick and can alter withdrawal times !
43
Drugs prohibited for ELDU
- Chloramphenicol
- Clenbuterol
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Dipyrione
- Fluoroquinolonges
- Glycopeptides
- Nitrofurans
- Nitroimidazoles
- Phenylbutazone (in adult dairy cattle)
- Sulfonamides (in adult dairy cattle)
44
What are the three R's of support?
1. Rest (dry, comfortable, ventilated, protected)
2. Rumen (fresh palatable feeds, don't force concentrates)
3. Rehydration (oral, IV) - helpful for the mucociliary elevator
45
Why is rehydration so important?
- Helping the mucociliary elevator
46
Purpose of clinical scoring systems
- Evaluate efficacy of treatment to facilitate decisions - duration, changes, etc.
- Trying to evaluate efficacy of treatment
- Good for consultations
47
Bovine herpesvirus 1overview
- Alpha-herpesvirus
- Fragile, don't survive outside the host
- Transmission requires contact**
48
Which BHVs are associated with respiratory infection?
1.1 and 1.2 subtype
49
Where is BHV-1 or IBR?
- Ubiquitous!
50
What phases of production does BHV-1 or IBR impact?
- ALL PHASES
- Feedlot, range, dairy, etc.
- Feedlot has highest M&M
51
Reservoir for BHV-1 or IBR
- Adults
- Latent infections**
- reactivated with stress
- MLV vaccines?
- ALSO in goats and wildlife
52
Transmission of BHV-1/IBR
- respiratory
- GIT
- Reproductive
53
If you get the respiratory version of BHV-1 or IBR, does that immunity protect against reproductive disease?
- No
54
Other signs associated with BHV-1
- Conjunctivitis
- Abortion
- Encephalitis
- Septicemia
55
Respiratory signs of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 or IBR
- Sudden fever (104°-106°)
- Anorexia
- nasal hyperemia
- nasal mucosa may have pustules, grey necrotic membranes
- Serous nasal/ocular discharge
- Salivation/panting
56
lung sounds in IBR/BHV-1
Normal to increased lung sounds
57
What type of fever do you expect with IBR/BHV-1?
- VERY high
| - 104-106°
58
Recovery for IBR/BHV-1
10-14 days
59
Complications from IBR/BHV-1
- bacterial bronchopneumonia
- Tracheitis
- Bronchitis
60
Conjunctivitis signs of IBR/BHV-1
- Red, swollen, purulent discharge
| - Corneal edema
61
Encephalitis signs of IBR/BHV-1
- ataxia, excitement/depression, blind, salivate, bellow, convulse
- Usually fatal
62
Who gets encephalitis from IBR/BHV-1?
- <6 months old
63
Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - who gets?
- Calves in first week of life
| - Naive herds
64
Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - Clinical Signs
- Fever, anorexia, salivation, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, oral hyperemia, oral erosions
- Acute pharyngitis, laryngitis, esophagitis
- Often fatal
65
Diagnosis of BHV-1
- Clinical signs
- Viral isolation
- Seroconversion
- Antigen identification with fluorescent antibody
66
What can complicate identification of BHV-1?
- Virus may be isolated from stressed animals who are latently infected AND they may still have something else
67
Treatment for BHV-1
- No specific
- Support (3 R's)
- Prevention and treatment of secondary infections (bacterial!)
68
Prevention of BHV-1
VACCINATION
- Hallmark of control
69
When to vaccinate for BHV-1
4-6 weeks
70
Management of BHV-1
- Minimize stress
| - Avoid mixing animals with different immunity
71
Parainfluenza virus 3 (PI3) family and stability
- RNA, paramyxovirus family
| - Very stable for an RNA virus
72
Who gets PI3?
- Cattle, sheep, and goats
73
Clinical disease of PI3?
- URT mucosa
- Interstitial pneumonia
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION***
74
Where is PI3?
- Ubiquitous
75
Clinical signs of PI3
- Fever
- Nasal discharge
- Cough, dyspnea
- Auscultation shows increased sounds in the anterioventral region
76
Recovery of PI3 - how long does it take?
- 4-7 d if uncomplicated
77
What is the biggest worry with PI3?
- Secondary bacterial pneumonia
78
Diagnosis of PI3
- VI (nasal swab) in acute phase
- Serology
- Lungs will be present for extended period after infection
79
Treatment of PI3
- No specific treatment, just support
| - Antibiotics for 2° bacterial
80
Prevention of PI3
- vaccinate
81
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus - what type?
- RNA
| - Paramyxovirus
82
who gets BRSV?
- All ages but young prevalence
83
Morbidity and mortality of BRSV
- High morbidity and mortality
| - But seroprevalence is higher than disease
84
Reservoir of BRSV
- Likely cattle
85
Clinical signs of BRSV relative severity to PI3
- More severe than PI3
86
Clinical signs of BRSV
- Fever (104-108°F), anorexia, depression, nasal/ocular discharge, polypnea, salivation
- Pronounced dyspnea, mouth breathing, expiratory grunting
- Crackles (bronchiolitis), emphysema, bottle jaw
87
What causes bottle jaw in BRSV?
- Interstitial problem leads to pulmonary hypertension --> congestive issues in the heart --> edema and swelling
88
BRSV Diagnosis
- History and PE
- VI (Virus is very labile/easily altered)
- SErology can provide presumptive evidence
89
BRSV Treatment
3 R's
90
Prevention of BRSV
- Vaccination
| - management procedures same as for other respipratory viruses
91
Is colostral IgG protective for BRSV?
- Not protective
| - Still want to vaccinate
92
BVDV role in BRD
- Controversial
- Often isolated
- Synergistic with Mannheimia hemolytica (experimentally)
- Most likely immunosuppression****
93
How does BVDV immunosuppression setup for respiratory disease?
- Impairs viral clearance
| - Secondary bacterial infections
94
Other respiratory viruses associated with bovine pneumonia?
- Adenovirus
| - Rhinovirus
95
What is the most common isolate of bacteria associated with BRD?
- M. hemolytica A1
| - Highly virulent
96
What are the three main bacteria associated with BRD?
- M. hemolytica
- P. multocida
- Haemophilus somnus
97
What type of bacteria are P. multocida and H. somnus?
- Normal inhabitants of URT (not lung)
- Infect lung when pulmonary defenses are impaired
- Damage tissues via toxins and mediators
98
Mycoplasmas
- Many associated with respiratory disease
99
Mycoplasma type of bacteria?
- Normal flora of URT except M. bovis
| - rare as ONLY pathogens in enzootic pneumonia/shipping fever
100
Enzootic calf pneumonia - who gets?
- Nursing and young calves in dairy, veal, and beef
101
Enzootic calf pneumonia - how contagious?-
Extremely
102
Host and environmental factors contributing to spread of enzootic calf pneumonia?
- Passive transfer of immunity
- Nutrition
- Environment
IMPORTANT
103
Etiology of Enzootic calf pneumonia - three main components
1. Stress
2. Virus
3. Bacteria
104
Stress involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- Crowding, drafts, poor ventilation, nutritional deficiencies, disease, temperature fluxes, introduction to carriers/shedders
- THIS PREDISPOSES ANIMALS TO VIRAL INFECTION
105
Virus involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- Alters respiratory immunity (mucociliary elevator, macrophage function)
106
Bacterial involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somnus
| - Endotoxin leads to tissue damage, cell recruitment, initiate complement cascade, initiate coagulation cascade, etc.
107
Clinical signs of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Rapid onset
- Fever (103°-106)
- Harsh, dry cough and nasal discharge
- Dyspnea and mouth breathing
- Dehydration +/- diarrhea
108
Length of course of enzootic calf pneumonia
-10-14 days
109
Pathology of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Bronchopneumonia (anterioventral consolidation, atelectasis, pleural adhesions, emphysema)
- Weight loss
- Dehydration
- Enteritis
110
How to select antibiotics for treatment of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Culture and sensitivity (hard to do, but can do if an animal has succumbed to it)
- Best is antemortem and untreated
- Published field trials
111
MICs of C&S caveat
- Don't take into account extent of tissue involvement, host defenses, virulence of organism, sub-inhibitory effects
112
Aspects of treatment for enzootic calf pneumonia?
- Antibiotics
- Anti-inflammatories to counteract eicosanoids
- NSAIDs (Flunixin meglumine)
- Corticosteroids - Support
113
NSAIDs for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Increased feed intake
- Decreased fever
- Enhanced clearance of Pasteurella
114
Corticosteroids for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Suppress immune system, reduce response to antibiotics, increase relapse rate
115
Support of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Environment: warm, ventilated
- Fluids
- Nutrition
- Bronchodilators
- Vitamin B's and C's (might not help but might not hurt)
116
Prevention for enzootic calf pneumonia categories
Three categories: passive transfer, nutrition, and environment
117
Specific prevention strategies for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Isolate cows from calves in a dairy
- Manage colostrum
- Manage environment to avoid overcrowding and increase ventilation and temperature, good sanitation and hygiene, proper nutrition
- vaccine programs
118
Vaccine programs for prevention of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Maternal
- Young calves (2-4 weeks)
- Don't over-emphasize***
- WILL NOT MAKE UP FOR POOR MANAGEMENT
119
Definition of shipping fever
- Acute respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the respiratory system, fibrinous pneumonia, and/or bacterial bronchopneumonia
120
What does shipping fever NOT include?
- Diseases of URT only, sporadic LRT diseases, pleural diseases, parasitic diseases, etc.
121
How common is shipping fever?
- Most common disease of feedlot cattle world wide
| - Colorado study showed a majority of disease and mortality
122
What are three main host and environmental risk factors to consider with shipping fever? **** YOU WILL BE ASKED ABOUT THIS***
1. Farm of origin
2. Transport
3. Feedlot
123
Farm of origin risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Wean, creep feed, perform surgeries at least three weeks prior to shipment
- Vaccinate
- Avoid nutrient deficiencies like Vitamin A, E, Selenium, Copper, and Zinc
124
Transport risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Adequate energy prior to shipment
- Avoid prolonged transit time
- Avoid going through multiple auctions
125
Feedlot risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Avoid surgery and MLV vaccines on arrival
- Minimize mixing
- Minimize large groups
- Avoid rapid feeding of high concentrate diets
- Avoid feeding non-protein nitrogen on arrival
- Avoid antibiotics in water (decrease intake)
- Temperature fluxes and high dust lead to pneumonia
126
Pathophysiology of shipping fever
- Stress
- Viral infection leads to compromised pulmonary defenses
- Bacterial colonization of lower respiratory tract occurs
127
How long after transit or stress does shipping fever occur?
- 6-10 days usually
128
Signs associated with shipping fever
- Depression, fever (>105°F), anorexia, weight loss, nasal/ocular discharge
- Cough, rapid, shallow respiration
- Anterioventral consolidation
- Crackles and wheezes later
129
Sequelae to shipping fever
- Cor pulmonale
- Lung/pleural abscessation
- Pericarditis/pleuritis
130
Cor pulmonale secondary to shipping fever pathophysiology
- Pulmonary hypertension --> right heart hypertrophy, dilation, and failure
131
Treatment approaches to shipping fever
- Antibiotics
- NSAIDs
- Support
132
What are the two broad factors involved in vaccinating against bovine respiratory disease?
- Raise the resistance with vaccination
| - Reduce the exposure
133
Vaccine response in terms of timeline to shipping to prevent fever
- 1st dose as maternal antibodies are waning
| - 2nd dose 2-4 weeks later but a few weeks prior to shipping
134
How should vaccines be used?
- As a management tool
- Success of human vaccines has likely rpoduced unrealistic expectations from vet vaccines
- There is more controversy and uncertainy about efficacy of vaccines than any topic
135
Does the ideal BRD vaccine exist?
- NO
136
What are the two forms of the BRD vaccines that exist currently?
- MLV and inactivated
137
Cons of MLV
- +/- shedding
- +/- immunosuppression
- Interference by PT??
138
Cons of inactivated vaccine
- Require multiple doses
- Slow response
- Short protection
139
Do all animals that are vaccinated respond appropriately?
- No
140
What can cause apparent vaccine failures (more of these are errors involved in vaccine delivery)?
- Incubating at vaccination
- Improper antigen presentation
- Administration, dose, and antigen distribution
- Maybe inappropriate injection technique, didn't give enough
141
What can cause real vaccine failures?
- Genetics
- Negative protein status
- Inactivated
- Lack of strain recognition
142
What are some new vaccine strategies?
- Subunit vaccines
- Nucleic acid vaccines
- Recombinant vaccines
143
Review of Field Efficacy of Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines
- Many articles were excluded from a review of the field efficacy of BRD vaccines for being not relevant to the objective of determining field efficacy
9/22 showed a positive effect and 13/22 showed a negative effect
144
Conclusions from the study about BRD vaccines
- Suggests we may be making less than optimal recommendations for vax use because of a lack of clinically relevant information
145
Metaphylaxis
Term for use of specific products like tilmicosin upon entry into feed lots
146
What are the data on metaphylaxis?
- Data suggests beneficial effects
| - Administration on arrival (post-shipment) was superior to pre-shipment
147
What are the groups of interstitial pneumonia?
- Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
- 4-Ipomeanol Toxicity
- Perilla ketone toxicity
148
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema - who gets?
- Fall-pastured cattle undergoing feed change from DRY to LUSH pasture
- Really can be seen in spring pastured cattle as long as it's a feed change from dry forage to lush pasture
149
What are the primary lesions in ABPEE/fog fever?
- Pulmonary Edema
| - Interstitial Emphysema
150
When does ABPEE occur?
- Within 10 days of change from DRY to LUSH pasture
| - Any TYPE of pasture (alfalfa, grass, kale, turnips, etc.) as long as it's green and growing
151
Age range of cows that are primarily affected by ABPEE?
- Older cattle most often
- >3 years
- No breed is resistant
152
Morbidity and mortality of fog fever
- Variable morbidity but up to 100%
| - Mortality ranges but up to 30%
153
Pathophysiology of ABPEE (IMPORTANT**)
- Ingest L-tryptophan in lush pasture
- L-tryptophan is converted to 3-mI by rumen flora
- 3-MI is absorbed then metabolized by Clara cells/Type 1 pneumocytes to 3-MEIN
- 3-MEIN is pneumotoxic
154
What is the toxic principle in ABPEE?
- 3-MEIN
| - Pneumotoxic to bronchiolar/alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells
155
Result of ABPEE
- Edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar cell hyperplasia, interstitial edema
156
Acute signs of ABPEE
- Severe dyspnea (EXPIRATORY dyspnea; frothing, mouth breathing, tachypnea, head and neck distended)
- Distressed (NOT DEPRESSED)
- Normothermic
- Decreased breath sounds
- SC emphysema
157
What type of dyspnea (inspiratory vs expiratory) does ABPEE cause?
- EXPIRATORY
158
Distinguishing features of ABPEE from bronchopneumonia
- Not febrile
| - Distressed, but not depressed
159
Stress and ABPEE
- Stress can kill
160
Chronic clinical signs of ABPEE
- Mild
- Gradual drop in production
- Gradual dyspnea
- No signs of sepsis or infectious disease
161
Post-mortem signs of ABPEE
- Pale, heavy lungs, don't collapse, rib imprints
- Large airways: ecchymoses, petechial hemorrhage, froth
- Lobular emphysema, bullae
- SC emphysema
162
Ddx for ABPEE
- Parasitic bronchitis (younger animals, more coughing, different season)
- Clostridial disease
- Anthrax
- Poisonous plants (moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint)
- Lightning strike
- Other pneumonias
163
Diagnosis of ABPEE based on history
- Feed ∆, move to pasture in last 10 days
- Time of year is fall
- Age affected is older
164
Feed that suggests ABPEE
- Lush pasture, moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint
165
Other diagnosis of ABPEE
- Clinical signs
| - Necropsy
166
Treatment for ABPEE
- Best to leave alone?? (irreversible if severe; spontaneous recovery if mildly affected; danger of stressing and killing)
- Furosemide
- Flunixin meglumine
167
Prevention on ABPEE ***(IMPORTANT)
1. Acclimate to pasture gradually (feed hay before grazing and gradually increase grazing time over 10-12 days)
2. Delay grazing until after the first frost
3. Use pasture before lush
4. Pasture young stock, sheep first (more resistant)
5. Ionophore antibiotics (block conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-MI in the rumen
168
What causes 4-ipomeanol toxicity?
- Not allergic reaction
| - Compound produced by sweet potatoes in response to infestation with fungus (Fusarium solani)
169
Clinical signs of 4-IPM toxicity?
- ABPEE
170
What causes Perilla ketone toxicity?
- Perilla mint
| - Purple mint
171
Which part of the plant contains the pneumotoxin in perilla ketone toxicity?
- Leaves and seeds
| - Furans similar to 4-ipomeanol
172
Clinical picture of perilla ketone toxicity?
- ABPEE
173
Other toxic plants
- Brassica spp. (worst offenders for lush pastures)
| - Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic)
174
What are the two atypical interstitial pneumonias?
- ARDS
| - Pulmonary edema/emphyseama and hypertrophy/hyperplasia
175
Who gets ARDS?
- Feedlot cattle and younger calves
| - Heifers > steers
176
Is ARDS infectious?
- No
177
Pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia lesions
- SImilar to BRSV
178
Etiologies of ARDS and pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia?
- Unknown source if 3-MEIN
179
Morbidity and mortality of ARDS?
- Low morbidity/high mortality
180
Treatment of ARDS
None
181
Prevention of ARDS
No method at this time
182
What causes tuberculosis?
- Mycobacterium bovis or mycobacterium tuberculosis
183
What is the defining lesion of tuberculosis?
- Tubercle formation
| - Caseating granuloma
184
Usual timeline of tuberculosis?
- Chronic and debilitating
| - Acute presentations possible
185
Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in cattle?
- M. bovis
186
Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in humans?
- M. tuberculosis
187
Human TB overview
- Many associated with Mycoplasma bovis
- Used to be single greatest killer of people in North America
- Some respiratory disease associated with livestock
188
WHere is tuberculosis?
- World wide
189
What type of cattle most commonly get tuberculosis?
- Dairy cattle
190
Source for tuberculosis
- Infected animal
- Organism is in all bodily fluids, draining abscesses
- Viable in environment for months
- Housing and pasture are important in transmission and incidence
191
Transmission of tuberculosis
- Inhalation (most common)
| - Ingestion possible (especially with young)
192
(IMPORTANT) Clinical signs in tuberculosis
- MAY NOT SHOW OVERT signs other than decreased production
- Signs are nonspecific and depend on where the disease spread
- Any animal that is doing poorly, you should think about tuberculosis
193
Pathogenesis of tuberculosis
- Enters lungs, gut, etc.
- Spreads via lymph nodes
- Abscess can lead to calcification (Tubercle = surrounding granulation)
- Variable spread to distant sites
194
Generalized infection signs of tuberculosis
- Ill thrift (anorexia, weight loss, depression, etc.)
195
Pulmonary infection - tuberculosis
- Most common, usually mild
- Soft, moist cough
- Silent to adventitial sounds
- Bloat (mediastinal LN)
- Dyspnea terminally
196
Alimentary infection with tuberculosis
- Mediastinal LN can lead to bloat, GIT obstruction, etc.
- Retropharyngeal LN: dyspnea, dysphagia, stridor
- Rarely, diarrhea
197
Bacteremia syndrome with tuberculosis
- Multifocal LN (internal) enlargement
| - SIgns depend on node affected
198
Rare signs of tuberculosis
Metritis, mastitis, peripheral LN
199
Diagnosis of tuberculosis
- PE
- Intradermal skin test
- Culture
200
Intradermal skin test description
- 0.1 mL PPD Tuberculin
- Caudal tail fold
- Scored: negative/suspect/positive
201
What test for suspects on the tuberculosis ID skin test?
- Comparative cervical
| - There are some diseases besides tuberculosis that can lead to a positive or suspect
202
Usual suspect rate on the caudal fold skin test
5%
203
Treatment of tuberculosis
- None in the US
- Eradicate
- Intensive trace back and testing
- Quarantine instituted if positive
204
Prevention of tuberculosis
- US eradication is the main focus
- State and federal regulatory test and slaughter
- Dairies tested acording to milk ordinances (usually every 3 years
- Test prior to interstate movement
- Examine at slaughter
- Almost eradicated from US
205
Tuberculosis category
- Certified free (none in last 5 years)
