Pneumonias Flashcards
Pneumonia classifications
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical signs
How does bronchopneumonia get established?
- Via the pulmonary tree
Clinical signs with bronchopneumonia
- Think systemic signs
- Fever, lethargy
- +/- emphysema
- +/- sepsis
- Anterio-ventral lesions and lung sounds!! (Indicates consolidation)
How does metastatic pneumonia get established?
- Via blood (septic embolization from other foci)
- Classic: liver abscess and CVCT
What characterizes metastatic pneumonia?
- Fever, lethargy
- Sepsis
- Widespread abnormal lung sounds
- Hemoptysis
Interstitial pneumonia causes
- Diverse, but usually non-infectious
- Reaction from inahled or ingested antigens
What characterizes interstitial pneumonia?
- NOT febrile, depressed, or septic
- Diffuse abnormal lung sounds
- Don’t respond to routine therapies
Where do bacteria come from with bronchopneumonia most often?
- Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
- This is why doing a TTW is not likely helpful
When do you get disease with bronchopneumonia?
- When host defenses are altered
Bronchopneumonia in beef common name
- Shipping fever
Bronchopneumonia in dairy common name
Enzootic pneumonia
What are the three agents that factor into bronchopneumonia of ruminants?
- Host
- Agent
- Environment
Host changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia
- Variations in host
- Immunologically naive
- Immunologically compromised
Environment changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia
- Temperature, humidity, air flow, nitrogen or ammonia content
- Don’t undershoot this importance
Agents for bronchopneumonia?
- Often just normal flora
- They do a respiratory panel that tests for the implicated viruses too
Acute signs of bronchopneumonia
- Rapid, shallow respiration
- Dyspnea, fever, anorexia, lethargy
- Moist cough
- Increased anterio-ventral lung sounds***
- Nasal discharge
- Adventitial sounds
- Reluctant to lay down
Subacute to chronic clinical signs of bronchopneumonia
- Weight loss, rough hair coat
- Moderate fever
- Tachycardia, tachypnea
- Mosit, productive cough
- Mucopurulent nasal discharge
- Ventral consolidation
- Adventitial sounds like crackles and wheezes
- Expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing
When do adventitial sounds occur?
- Later on in the disease
- As they crop up, often those animals are getting over the worst of it
- Wheezes from a narrowing of the airway (intraluminal or extraluminal)
If you hear adventitial sounds, where should you listen?
- Listen over the trachea because there can be referred noise?
- You can squeeze the trachea, make them cough, and get rid of the crackles (I guess this is important to him???**)
Treatment for Bronchopneumonia***
- Based on clinical diagnosis and assessment
Maybe no culture and sensitivity
- Response to therapy
- Frequent re-evaluation
What are the three main aspects of treatment for bronchopneumonia?
- Antimicrobials
- Anti-inflammatories
- Support
Ceftiofur
- Used a lot
- Cephalosporin
- There are different forms (Naxcel, Excenel, Excede)
What must you keep on with if you’re prescribing drugs to food animals?
- ALL federal and state laws
- They change a lot
- You could lose your license if you get this wrong
Florfenicol
- Don’t use in female dairy cows >20 months (AKA lactating dairy cows)
Enrofloxacin** labeled use
- ONLY RESPIRATORY disease, beef cattle, and non-lactating dairy cattle (female dairy cattle <20 months of age)
ELDU of Enrofloxacin
- Don’t do
- you could lose your license
Danofloxacin label
- Same strict label as with enrofloxacin
- Not for cattle intended for dairy production or veal
- Federal law prohibits ELDU of this drug in food -producing animals
Gamithromycin
- Macrolide
- Not used in people
- Don’t use in dairy cattle that are lactating, veal
Tildipirosin
- Prevo?
- Macrolide
- Don’t use in dairy cattle or veal calves
Oxytetracycline
Useful I think
- Don’t use in lactating dairy cattle
Tilmicosin
- Kills people
- Don’t use in dairy cattle >20 months
- Don’t use in horses, sheep, or goats due to toxicity
- FATAL to horses, pigs, and primates
Tylosin
- Antibiotic
Erythromycin
- Macrolide
Tulathromycin
- Very expensive
- Mostly FYI
Sulfadimethoxine
- Can’t use extra-labelly
- Only sulfonamide you can use
- Extra-label use of SDM is prohibited (higher dose, slow release bolus)
Procaine Penicillin G
- Generally used well
- IM
Ampicillin
- They use it
Flunixin meglumine***
- Anti-inflammatory
- Used IV ONLY
- Not for lactating cows
Aspirin
- he doesn’t like
- It’s cheap
Ketoprofen
- Least ulcerogenic of the drugs we have for anti-inflammatory
Phenylbutazone***
- Highly protein bound in cattle
- YOU CANNOT USE IN A FOOD PRODUCING ANIMAL
- Use of any phenylbutazone in an adult dairy cow is a violation of federal law
Drug withdrawals in healthy vs sick animals
- Remember that pharmacokinetics change when they are sick and can alter withdrawal times !
Drugs prohibited for ELDU
- Chloramphenicol
- Clenbuterol
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Dipyrione
- Fluoroquinolonges
- Glycopeptides
- Nitrofurans
- Nitroimidazoles
- Phenylbutazone (in adult dairy cattle)
- Sulfonamides (in adult dairy cattle)
What are the three R’s of support?
- Rest (dry, comfortable, ventilated, protected)
- Rumen (fresh palatable feeds, don’t force concentrates)
- Rehydration (oral, IV) - helpful for the mucociliary elevator
Why is rehydration so important?
- Helping the mucociliary elevator
Purpose of clinical scoring systems
- Evaluate efficacy of treatment to facilitate decisions - duration, changes, etc.
- Trying to evaluate efficacy of treatment
- Good for consultations
Bovine herpesvirus 1overview
- Alpha-herpesvirus
- Fragile, don’t survive outside the host
- Transmission requires contact**
Which BHVs are associated with respiratory infection?
1.1 and 1.2 subtype
Where is BHV-1 or IBR?
- Ubiquitous!
What phases of production does BHV-1 or IBR impact?
- ALL PHASES
- Feedlot, range, dairy, etc.
- Feedlot has highest M&M
Reservoir for BHV-1 or IBR
- Adults
- Latent infections**
- reactivated with stress
- MLV vaccines?
- ALSO in goats and wildlife
Transmission of BHV-1/IBR
- respiratory
- GIT
- Reproductive
If you get the respiratory version of BHV-1 or IBR, does that immunity protect against reproductive disease?
- No
Other signs associated with BHV-1
- Conjunctivitis
- Abortion
- Encephalitis
- Septicemia
Respiratory signs of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 or IBR
- Sudden fever (104°-106°)
- Anorexia
- nasal hyperemia
- nasal mucosa may have pustules, grey necrotic membranes
- Serous nasal/ocular discharge
- Salivation/panting
lung sounds in IBR/BHV-1
Normal to increased lung sounds
What type of fever do you expect with IBR/BHV-1?
- VERY high
- 104-106°
Recovery for IBR/BHV-1
10-14 days
Complications from IBR/BHV-1
- bacterial bronchopneumonia
- Tracheitis
- Bronchitis
Conjunctivitis signs of IBR/BHV-1
- Red, swollen, purulent discharge
- Corneal edema
Encephalitis signs of IBR/BHV-1
- ataxia, excitement/depression, blind, salivate, bellow, convulse
- Usually fatal
Who gets encephalitis from IBR/BHV-1?
- <6 months old
Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - who gets?
- Calves in first week of life
- Naive herds
Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - Clinical Signs
- Fever, anorexia, salivation, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, oral hyperemia, oral erosions
- Acute pharyngitis, laryngitis, esophagitis
- Often fatal
Diagnosis of BHV-1
- Clinical signs
- Viral isolation
- Seroconversion
- Antigen identification with fluorescent antibody
What can complicate identification of BHV-1?
- Virus may be isolated from stressed animals who are latently infected AND they may still have something else
Treatment for BHV-1
- No specific
- Support (3 R’s)
- Prevention and treatment of secondary infections (bacterial!)
Prevention of BHV-1
VACCINATION
- Hallmark of control
When to vaccinate for BHV-1
4-6 weeks
Management of BHV-1
- Minimize stress
- Avoid mixing animals with different immunity
Parainfluenza virus 3 (PI3) family and stability
- RNA, paramyxovirus family
- Very stable for an RNA virus
Who gets PI3?
- Cattle, sheep, and goats
Clinical disease of PI3?
- URT mucosa
- Interstitial pneumonia
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION***
Where is PI3?
- Ubiquitous
Clinical signs of PI3
- Fever
- Nasal discharge
- Cough, dyspnea
- Auscultation shows increased sounds in the anterioventral region
Recovery of PI3 - how long does it take?
- 4-7 d if uncomplicated
What is the biggest worry with PI3?
- Secondary bacterial pneumonia
Diagnosis of PI3
- VI (nasal swab) in acute phase
- Serology
- Lungs will be present for extended period after infection
Treatment of PI3
- No specific treatment, just support
- Antibiotics for 2° bacterial
Prevention of PI3
- vaccinate
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus - what type?
- RNA
- Paramyxovirus
who gets BRSV?
- All ages but young prevalence
Morbidity and mortality of BRSV
- High morbidity and mortality
- But seroprevalence is higher than disease
Reservoir of BRSV
- Likely cattle
Clinical signs of BRSV relative severity to PI3
- More severe than PI3
Clinical signs of BRSV
- Fever (104-108°F), anorexia, depression, nasal/ocular discharge, polypnea, salivation
- Pronounced dyspnea, mouth breathing, expiratory grunting
- Crackles (bronchiolitis), emphysema, bottle jaw
What causes bottle jaw in BRSV?
- Interstitial problem leads to pulmonary hypertension –> congestive issues in the heart –> edema and swelling
BRSV Diagnosis
- History and PE
- VI (Virus is very labile/easily altered)
- SErology can provide presumptive evidence
BRSV Treatment
3 R’s
Prevention of BRSV
- Vaccination
- management procedures same as for other respipratory viruses
Is colostral IgG protective for BRSV?
- Not protective
- Still want to vaccinate
BVDV role in BRD
- Controversial
- Often isolated
- Synergistic with Mannheimia hemolytica (experimentally)
- Most likely immunosuppression**
How does BVDV immunosuppression setup for respiratory disease?
- Impairs viral clearance
- Secondary bacterial infections
Other respiratory viruses associated with bovine pneumonia?
- Adenovirus
- Rhinovirus
What is the most common isolate of bacteria associated with BRD?
- M. hemolytica A1
- Highly virulent
What are the three main bacteria associated with BRD?
- M. hemolytica
- P. multocida
- Haemophilus somnus
What type of bacteria are P. multocida and H. somnus?
- Normal inhabitants of URT (not lung)
- Infect lung when pulmonary defenses are impaired
- Damage tissues via toxins and mediators
Mycoplasmas
- Many associated with respiratory disease
Mycoplasma type of bacteria?
- Normal flora of URT except M. bovis
- rare as ONLY pathogens in enzootic pneumonia/shipping fever
Enzootic calf pneumonia - who gets?
- Nursing and young calves in dairy, veal, and beef
Enzootic calf pneumonia - how contagious?-
Extremely
Host and environmental factors contributing to spread of enzootic calf pneumonia?
- Passive transfer of immunity
- Nutrition
- Environment
IMPORTANT
Etiology of Enzootic calf pneumonia - three main components
- Stress
- Virus
- Bacteria
Stress involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- Crowding, drafts, poor ventilation, nutritional deficiencies, disease, temperature fluxes, introduction to carriers/shedders
- THIS PREDISPOSES ANIMALS TO VIRAL INFECTION
Virus involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- Alters respiratory immunity (mucociliary elevator, macrophage function)
Bacterial involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia
- M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somnus
- Endotoxin leads to tissue damage, cell recruitment, initiate complement cascade, initiate coagulation cascade, etc.
Clinical signs of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Rapid onset
- Fever (103°-106)
- Harsh, dry cough and nasal discharge
- Dyspnea and mouth breathing
- Dehydration +/- diarrhea
Length of course of enzootic calf pneumonia
-10-14 days
Pathology of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Bronchopneumonia (anterioventral consolidation, atelectasis, pleural adhesions, emphysema)
- Weight loss
- Dehydration
- Enteritis
How to select antibiotics for treatment of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Culture and sensitivity (hard to do, but can do if an animal has succumbed to it)
- Best is antemortem and untreated
- Published field trials
MICs of C&S caveat
- Don’t take into account extent of tissue involvement, host defenses, virulence of organism, sub-inhibitory effects
Aspects of treatment for enzootic calf pneumonia?
- Antibiotics
- Anti-inflammatories to counteract eicosanoids
- NSAIDs (Flunixin meglumine)
- Corticosteroids - Support
NSAIDs for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Increased feed intake
- Decreased fever
- Enhanced clearance of Pasteurella
Corticosteroids for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Suppress immune system, reduce response to antibiotics, increase relapse rate
Support of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Environment: warm, ventilated
- Fluids
- Nutrition
- Bronchodilators
- Vitamin B’s and C’s (might not help but might not hurt)
Prevention for enzootic calf pneumonia categories
Three categories: passive transfer, nutrition, and environment
Specific prevention strategies for enzootic calf pneumonia
- Isolate cows from calves in a dairy
- Manage colostrum
- Manage environment to avoid overcrowding and increase ventilation and temperature, good sanitation and hygiene, proper nutrition
- vaccine programs
Vaccine programs for prevention of enzootic calf pneumonia
- Maternal
- Young calves (2-4 weeks)
- Don’t over-emphasize***
- WILL NOT MAKE UP FOR POOR MANAGEMENT
Definition of shipping fever
- Acute respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the respiratory system, fibrinous pneumonia, and/or bacterial bronchopneumonia
What does shipping fever NOT include?
- Diseases of URT only, sporadic LRT diseases, pleural diseases, parasitic diseases, etc.
How common is shipping fever?
- Most common disease of feedlot cattle world wide
- Colorado study showed a majority of disease and mortality
What are three main host and environmental risk factors to consider with shipping fever? ** YOU WILL BE ASKED ABOUT THIS*
- Farm of origin
- Transport
- Feedlot
Farm of origin risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Wean, creep feed, perform surgeries at least three weeks prior to shipment
- Vaccinate
- Avoid nutrient deficiencies like Vitamin A, E, Selenium, Copper, and Zinc
Transport risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Adequate energy prior to shipment
- Avoid prolonged transit time
- Avoid going through multiple auctions
Feedlot risk factors - how to mitigate?
- Avoid surgery and MLV vaccines on arrival
- Minimize mixing
- Minimize large groups
- Avoid rapid feeding of high concentrate diets
- Avoid feeding non-protein nitrogen on arrival
- Avoid antibiotics in water (decrease intake)
- Temperature fluxes and high dust lead to pneumonia
Pathophysiology of shipping fever
- Stress
- Viral infection leads to compromised pulmonary defenses
- Bacterial colonization of lower respiratory tract occurs
How long after transit or stress does shipping fever occur?
- 6-10 days usually
Signs associated with shipping fever
- Depression, fever (>105°F), anorexia, weight loss, nasal/ocular discharge
- Cough, rapid, shallow respiration
- Anterioventral consolidation
- Crackles and wheezes later
Sequelae to shipping fever
- Cor pulmonale
- Lung/pleural abscessation
- Pericarditis/pleuritis
Cor pulmonale secondary to shipping fever pathophysiology
- Pulmonary hypertension –> right heart hypertrophy, dilation, and failure
Treatment approaches to shipping fever
- Antibiotics
- NSAIDs
- Support
What are the two broad factors involved in vaccinating against bovine respiratory disease?
- Raise the resistance with vaccination
- Reduce the exposure
Vaccine response in terms of timeline to shipping to prevent fever
- 1st dose as maternal antibodies are waning
- 2nd dose 2-4 weeks later but a few weeks prior to shipping
How should vaccines be used?
- As a management tool
- Success of human vaccines has likely rpoduced unrealistic expectations from vet vaccines
- There is more controversy and uncertainy about efficacy of vaccines than any topic
Does the ideal BRD vaccine exist?
- NO
What are the two forms of the BRD vaccines that exist currently?
- MLV and inactivated
Cons of MLV
- +/- shedding
- +/- immunosuppression
- Interference by PT??
Cons of inactivated vaccine
- Require multiple doses
- Slow response
- Short protection
Do all animals that are vaccinated respond appropriately?
- No
What can cause apparent vaccine failures (more of these are errors involved in vaccine delivery)?
- Incubating at vaccination
- Improper antigen presentation
- Administration, dose, and antigen distribution
- Maybe inappropriate injection technique, didn’t give enough
What can cause real vaccine failures?
- Genetics
- Negative protein status
- Inactivated
- Lack of strain recognition
What are some new vaccine strategies?
- Subunit vaccines
- Nucleic acid vaccines
- Recombinant vaccines
Review of Field Efficacy of Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines
- Many articles were excluded from a review of the field efficacy of BRD vaccines for being not relevant to the objective of determining field efficacy
9/22 showed a positive effect and 13/22 showed a negative effect
Conclusions from the study about BRD vaccines
- Suggests we may be making less than optimal recommendations for vax use because of a lack of clinically relevant information
Metaphylaxis
Term for use of specific products like tilmicosin upon entry into feed lots
What are the data on metaphylaxis?
- Data suggests beneficial effects
- Administration on arrival (post-shipment) was superior to pre-shipment
What are the groups of interstitial pneumonia?
- Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
- 4-Ipomeanol Toxicity
- Perilla ketone toxicity
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema - who gets?
- Fall-pastured cattle undergoing feed change from DRY to LUSH pasture
- Really can be seen in spring pastured cattle as long as it’s a feed change from dry forage to lush pasture
What are the primary lesions in ABPEE/fog fever?
- Pulmonary Edema
- Interstitial Emphysema
When does ABPEE occur?
- Within 10 days of change from DRY to LUSH pasture
- Any TYPE of pasture (alfalfa, grass, kale, turnips, etc.) as long as it’s green and growing
Age range of cows that are primarily affected by ABPEE?
- Older cattle most often
- > 3 years
- No breed is resistant
Morbidity and mortality of fog fever
- Variable morbidity but up to 100%
- Mortality ranges but up to 30%
Pathophysiology of ABPEE (IMPORTANT**)
- Ingest L-tryptophan in lush pasture
- L-tryptophan is converted to 3-mI by rumen flora
- 3-MI is absorbed then metabolized by Clara cells/Type 1 pneumocytes to 3-MEIN
- 3-MEIN is pneumotoxic
What is the toxic principle in ABPEE?
- 3-MEIN
- Pneumotoxic to bronchiolar/alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells
Result of ABPEE
- Edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar cell hyperplasia, interstitial edema
Acute signs of ABPEE
- Severe dyspnea (EXPIRATORY dyspnea; frothing, mouth breathing, tachypnea, head and neck distended)
- Distressed (NOT DEPRESSED)
- Normothermic
- Decreased breath sounds
- SC emphysema
What type of dyspnea (inspiratory vs expiratory) does ABPEE cause?
- EXPIRATORY
Distinguishing features of ABPEE from bronchopneumonia
- Not febrile
- Distressed, but not depressed
Stress and ABPEE
- Stress can kill
Chronic clinical signs of ABPEE
- Mild
- Gradual drop in production
- Gradual dyspnea
- No signs of sepsis or infectious disease
Post-mortem signs of ABPEE
- Pale, heavy lungs, don’t collapse, rib imprints
- Large airways: ecchymoses, petechial hemorrhage, froth
- Lobular emphysema, bullae
- SC emphysema
Ddx for ABPEE
- Parasitic bronchitis (younger animals, more coughing, different season)
- Clostridial disease
- Anthrax
- Poisonous plants (moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint)
- Lightning strike
- Other pneumonias
Diagnosis of ABPEE based on history
- Feed ∆, move to pasture in last 10 days
- Time of year is fall
- Age affected is older
Feed that suggests ABPEE
- Lush pasture, moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint
Other diagnosis of ABPEE
- Clinical signs
- Necropsy
Treatment for ABPEE
- Best to leave alone?? (irreversible if severe; spontaneous recovery if mildly affected; danger of stressing and killing)
- Furosemide
- Flunixin meglumine
Prevention on ABPEE ***(IMPORTANT)
- Acclimate to pasture gradually (feed hay before grazing and gradually increase grazing time over 10-12 days)
- Delay grazing until after the first frost
- Use pasture before lush
- Pasture young stock, sheep first (more resistant)
- Ionophore antibiotics (block conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-MI in the rumen
What causes 4-ipomeanol toxicity?
- Not allergic reaction
- Compound produced by sweet potatoes in response to infestation with fungus (Fusarium solani)
Clinical signs of 4-IPM toxicity?
- ABPEE
What causes Perilla ketone toxicity?
- Perilla mint
- Purple mint
Which part of the plant contains the pneumotoxin in perilla ketone toxicity?
- Leaves and seeds
- Furans similar to 4-ipomeanol
Clinical picture of perilla ketone toxicity?
- ABPEE
Other toxic plants
- Brassica spp. (worst offenders for lush pastures)
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic)
What are the two atypical interstitial pneumonias?
- ARDS
- Pulmonary edema/emphyseama and hypertrophy/hyperplasia
Who gets ARDS?
- Feedlot cattle and younger calves
- Heifers > steers
Is ARDS infectious?
- No
Pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia lesions
- SImilar to BRSV
Etiologies of ARDS and pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia?
- Unknown source if 3-MEIN
Morbidity and mortality of ARDS?
- Low morbidity/high mortality
Treatment of ARDS
None
Prevention of ARDS
No method at this time
What causes tuberculosis?
- Mycobacterium bovis or mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the defining lesion of tuberculosis?
- Tubercle formation
- Caseating granuloma
Usual timeline of tuberculosis?
- Chronic and debilitating
- Acute presentations possible
Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in cattle?
- M. bovis
Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in humans?
- M. tuberculosis
Human TB overview
- Many associated with Mycoplasma bovis
- Used to be single greatest killer of people in North America
- Some respiratory disease associated with livestock
WHere is tuberculosis?
- World wide
What type of cattle most commonly get tuberculosis?
- Dairy cattle
Source for tuberculosis
- Infected animal
- Organism is in all bodily fluids, draining abscesses
- Viable in environment for months
- Housing and pasture are important in transmission and incidence
Transmission of tuberculosis
- Inhalation (most common)
- Ingestion possible (especially with young)
(IMPORTANT) Clinical signs in tuberculosis
- MAY NOT SHOW OVERT signs other than decreased production
- Signs are nonspecific and depend on where the disease spread
- Any animal that is doing poorly, you should think about tuberculosis
Pathogenesis of tuberculosis
- Enters lungs, gut, etc.
- Spreads via lymph nodes
- Abscess can lead to calcification (Tubercle = surrounding granulation)
- Variable spread to distant sites
Generalized infection signs of tuberculosis
- Ill thrift (anorexia, weight loss, depression, etc.)
Pulmonary infection - tuberculosis
- Most common, usually mild
- Soft, moist cough
- Silent to adventitial sounds
- Bloat (mediastinal LN)
- Dyspnea terminally
Alimentary infection with tuberculosis
- Mediastinal LN can lead to bloat, GIT obstruction, etc.
- Retropharyngeal LN: dyspnea, dysphagia, stridor
- Rarely, diarrhea
Bacteremia syndrome with tuberculosis
- Multifocal LN (internal) enlargement
- SIgns depend on node affected
Rare signs of tuberculosis
Metritis, mastitis, peripheral LN
Diagnosis of tuberculosis
- PE
- Intradermal skin test
- Culture
Intradermal skin test description
- 0.1 mL PPD Tuberculin
- Caudal tail fold
- Scored: negative/suspect/positive
What test for suspects on the tuberculosis ID skin test?
- Comparative cervical
- There are some diseases besides tuberculosis that can lead to a positive or suspect
Usual suspect rate on the caudal fold skin test
5%
Treatment of tuberculosis
- None in the US
- Eradicate
- Intensive trace back and testing
- Quarantine instituted if positive
Prevention of tuberculosis
- US eradication is the main focus
- State and federal regulatory test and slaughter
- Dairies tested acording to milk ordinances (usually every 3 years
- Test prior to interstate movement
- Examine at slaughter
- Almost eradicated from US
Tuberculosis category
- Certified free (none in last 5 years)
