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Ag Animal II > Pneumonias > Flashcards

Pneumonias Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia classifications

A
  • Pathophysiology

- Clinical signs

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2
Q

How does bronchopneumonia get established?

A
  • Via the pulmonary tree
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3
Q

Clinical signs with bronchopneumonia

A
  • Think systemic signs
  • Fever, lethargy
  • +/- emphysema
  • +/- sepsis
  • Anterio-ventral lesions and lung sounds!! (Indicates consolidation)
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4
Q

How does metastatic pneumonia get established?

A
  • Via blood (septic embolization from other foci)

- Classic: liver abscess and CVCT

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5
Q

What characterizes metastatic pneumonia?

A
  • Fever, lethargy
  • Sepsis
  • Widespread abnormal lung sounds
  • Hemoptysis
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6
Q

Interstitial pneumonia causes

A
  • Diverse, but usually non-infectious

- Reaction from inahled or ingested antigens

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7
Q

What characterizes interstitial pneumonia?

A
  • NOT febrile, depressed, or septic
  • Diffuse abnormal lung sounds
  • Don’t respond to routine therapies
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8
Q

Where do bacteria come from with bronchopneumonia most often?

A
  • Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

- This is why doing a TTW is not likely helpful

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9
Q

When do you get disease with bronchopneumonia?

A
  • When host defenses are altered
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10
Q

Bronchopneumonia in beef common name

A
  • Shipping fever
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11
Q

Bronchopneumonia in dairy common name

A

Enzootic pneumonia

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12
Q

What are the three agents that factor into bronchopneumonia of ruminants?

A
  • Host
  • Agent
  • Environment
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13
Q

Host changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Variations in host
  • Immunologically naive
  • Immunologically compromised
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14
Q

Environment changes contributing to shipping fever or enzootic pneumonia

A
  • Temperature, humidity, air flow, nitrogen or ammonia content
  • Don’t undershoot this importance
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15
Q

Agents for bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Often just normal flora

- They do a respiratory panel that tests for the implicated viruses too

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16
Q

Acute signs of bronchopneumonia

A
  • Rapid, shallow respiration
  • Dyspnea, fever, anorexia, lethargy
  • Moist cough
  • Increased anterio-ventral lung sounds***
  • Nasal discharge
  • Adventitial sounds
  • Reluctant to lay down
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17
Q

Subacute to chronic clinical signs of bronchopneumonia

A
  • Weight loss, rough hair coat
  • Moderate fever
  • Tachycardia, tachypnea
  • Mosit, productive cough
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Ventral consolidation
  • Adventitial sounds like crackles and wheezes
  • Expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing
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18
Q

When do adventitial sounds occur?

A
  • Later on in the disease
  • As they crop up, often those animals are getting over the worst of it
  • Wheezes from a narrowing of the airway (intraluminal or extraluminal)
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19
Q

If you hear adventitial sounds, where should you listen?

A
  • Listen over the trachea because there can be referred noise?
  • You can squeeze the trachea, make them cough, and get rid of the crackles (I guess this is important to him???**)
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20
Q

Treatment for Bronchopneumonia***

A
  • Based on clinical diagnosis and assessment

Maybe no culture and sensitivity

  • Response to therapy
  • Frequent re-evaluation
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21
Q

What are the three main aspects of treatment for bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Antimicrobials
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Support
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22
Q

Ceftiofur

A
  • Used a lot
  • Cephalosporin
  • There are different forms (Naxcel, Excenel, Excede)
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23
Q

What must you keep on with if you’re prescribing drugs to food animals?

A
  • ALL federal and state laws
  • They change a lot
  • You could lose your license if you get this wrong
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24
Q

Florfenicol

A
  • Don’t use in female dairy cows >20 months (AKA lactating dairy cows)
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25
Q

Enrofloxacin** labeled use

A
  • ONLY RESPIRATORY disease, beef cattle, and non-lactating dairy cattle (female dairy cattle <20 months of age)
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26
Q

ELDU of Enrofloxacin

A
  • Don’t do

- you could lose your license

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27
Q

Danofloxacin label

A
  • Same strict label as with enrofloxacin
  • Not for cattle intended for dairy production or veal
  • Federal law prohibits ELDU of this drug in food -producing animals
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28
Q

Gamithromycin

A
  • Macrolide
  • Not used in people
  • Don’t use in dairy cattle that are lactating, veal
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29
Q

Tildipirosin

A
  • Prevo?
  • Macrolide
  • Don’t use in dairy cattle or veal calves
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30
Q

Oxytetracycline

A

Useful I think

  • Don’t use in lactating dairy cattle
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31
Q

Tilmicosin

A
  • Kills people
  • Don’t use in dairy cattle >20 months
  • Don’t use in horses, sheep, or goats due to toxicity
  • FATAL to horses, pigs, and primates
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32
Q

Tylosin

A
  • Antibiotic
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33
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Macrolide
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34
Q

Tulathromycin

A
  • Very expensive

- Mostly FYI

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35
Q

Sulfadimethoxine

A
  • Can’t use extra-labelly
  • Only sulfonamide you can use
  • Extra-label use of SDM is prohibited (higher dose, slow release bolus)
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36
Q

Procaine Penicillin G

A
  • Generally used well

- IM

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37
Q

Ampicillin

A
  • They use it
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38
Q

Flunixin meglumine***

A
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Used IV ONLY
  • Not for lactating cows
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39
Q

Aspirin

A
  • he doesn’t like

- It’s cheap

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40
Q

Ketoprofen

A
  • Least ulcerogenic of the drugs we have for anti-inflammatory
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41
Q

Phenylbutazone***

A
  • Highly protein bound in cattle
  • YOU CANNOT USE IN A FOOD PRODUCING ANIMAL
  • Use of any phenylbutazone in an adult dairy cow is a violation of federal law
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42
Q

Drug withdrawals in healthy vs sick animals

A
  • Remember that pharmacokinetics change when they are sick and can alter withdrawal times !
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43
Q

Drugs prohibited for ELDU

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Clenbuterol
  • Diethylstilbestrol
  • Dipyrione
  • Fluoroquinolonges
  • Glycopeptides
  • Nitrofurans
  • Nitroimidazoles
  • Phenylbutazone (in adult dairy cattle)
  • Sulfonamides (in adult dairy cattle)
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44
Q

What are the three R’s of support?

A
  1. Rest (dry, comfortable, ventilated, protected)
  2. Rumen (fresh palatable feeds, don’t force concentrates)
  3. Rehydration (oral, IV) - helpful for the mucociliary elevator
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45
Q

Why is rehydration so important?

A
  • Helping the mucociliary elevator
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46
Q

Purpose of clinical scoring systems

A
  • Evaluate efficacy of treatment to facilitate decisions - duration, changes, etc.
  • Trying to evaluate efficacy of treatment
  • Good for consultations
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47
Q

Bovine herpesvirus 1overview

A
  • Alpha-herpesvirus
  • Fragile, don’t survive outside the host
  • Transmission requires contact**
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48
Q

Which BHVs are associated with respiratory infection?

A

1.1 and 1.2 subtype

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49
Q

Where is BHV-1 or IBR?

A
  • Ubiquitous!
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50
Q

What phases of production does BHV-1 or IBR impact?

A
  • ALL PHASES
  • Feedlot, range, dairy, etc.
  • Feedlot has highest M&M
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51
Q

Reservoir for BHV-1 or IBR

A
  • Adults
  • Latent infections**
  • reactivated with stress
  • MLV vaccines?
  • ALSO in goats and wildlife
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52
Q

Transmission of BHV-1/IBR

A
  • respiratory
  • GIT
  • Reproductive
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53
Q

If you get the respiratory version of BHV-1 or IBR, does that immunity protect against reproductive disease?

A
  • No
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54
Q

Other signs associated with BHV-1

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Abortion
  • Encephalitis
  • Septicemia
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55
Q

Respiratory signs of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 or IBR

A
  • Sudden fever (104°-106°)
  • Anorexia
  • nasal hyperemia
  • nasal mucosa may have pustules, grey necrotic membranes
  • Serous nasal/ocular discharge
  • Salivation/panting
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56
Q

lung sounds in IBR/BHV-1

A

Normal to increased lung sounds

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57
Q

What type of fever do you expect with IBR/BHV-1?

A
  • VERY high

- 104-106°

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58
Q

Recovery for IBR/BHV-1

A

10-14 days

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59
Q

Complications from IBR/BHV-1

A
  • bacterial bronchopneumonia
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis
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60
Q

Conjunctivitis signs of IBR/BHV-1

A
  • Red, swollen, purulent discharge

- Corneal edema

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61
Q

Encephalitis signs of IBR/BHV-1

A
  • ataxia, excitement/depression, blind, salivate, bellow, convulse
  • Usually fatal
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62
Q

Who gets encephalitis from IBR/BHV-1?

A
  • <6 months old
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63
Q

Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - who gets?

A
  • Calves in first week of life

- Naive herds

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64
Q

Septicemia/viremia form of IBR/BHV-1 - Clinical Signs

A
  • Fever, anorexia, salivation, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, oral hyperemia, oral erosions
  • Acute pharyngitis, laryngitis, esophagitis
  • Often fatal
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65
Q

Diagnosis of BHV-1

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Viral isolation
  • Seroconversion
  • Antigen identification with fluorescent antibody
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66
Q

What can complicate identification of BHV-1?

A
  • Virus may be isolated from stressed animals who are latently infected AND they may still have something else
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67
Q

Treatment for BHV-1

A
  • No specific
  • Support (3 R’s)
  • Prevention and treatment of secondary infections (bacterial!)
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68
Q

Prevention of BHV-1

A

VACCINATION

  • Hallmark of control
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69
Q

When to vaccinate for BHV-1

A

4-6 weeks

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70
Q

Management of BHV-1

A
  • Minimize stress

- Avoid mixing animals with different immunity

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71
Q

Parainfluenza virus 3 (PI3) family and stability

A
  • RNA, paramyxovirus family

- Very stable for an RNA virus

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72
Q

Who gets PI3?

A
  • Cattle, sheep, and goats
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73
Q

Clinical disease of PI3?

A
  • URT mucosa
  • Interstitial pneumonia
  • IMMUNOSUPPRESSION***
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74
Q

Where is PI3?

A
  • Ubiquitous
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75
Q

Clinical signs of PI3

A
  • Fever
  • Nasal discharge
  • Cough, dyspnea
  • Auscultation shows increased sounds in the anterioventral region
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76
Q

Recovery of PI3 - how long does it take?

A
  • 4-7 d if uncomplicated
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77
Q

What is the biggest worry with PI3?

A
  • Secondary bacterial pneumonia
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78
Q

Diagnosis of PI3

A
  • VI (nasal swab) in acute phase
  • Serology
  • Lungs will be present for extended period after infection
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79
Q

Treatment of PI3

A
  • No specific treatment, just support

- Antibiotics for 2° bacterial

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80
Q

Prevention of PI3

A
  • vaccinate
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81
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus - what type?

A
  • RNA

- Paramyxovirus

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82
Q

who gets BRSV?

A
  • All ages but young prevalence
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83
Q

Morbidity and mortality of BRSV

A
  • High morbidity and mortality

- But seroprevalence is higher than disease

84
Q

Reservoir of BRSV

A
  • Likely cattle
85
Q

Clinical signs of BRSV relative severity to PI3

A
  • More severe than PI3
86
Q

Clinical signs of BRSV

A
  • Fever (104-108°F), anorexia, depression, nasal/ocular discharge, polypnea, salivation
  • Pronounced dyspnea, mouth breathing, expiratory grunting
  • Crackles (bronchiolitis), emphysema, bottle jaw
87
Q

What causes bottle jaw in BRSV?

A
  • Interstitial problem leads to pulmonary hypertension –> congestive issues in the heart –> edema and swelling
88
Q

BRSV Diagnosis

A
  • History and PE
  • VI (Virus is very labile/easily altered)
  • SErology can provide presumptive evidence
89
Q

BRSV Treatment

A

3 R’s

90
Q

Prevention of BRSV

A
  • Vaccination

- management procedures same as for other respipratory viruses

91
Q

Is colostral IgG protective for BRSV?

A
  • Not protective

- Still want to vaccinate

92
Q

BVDV role in BRD

A
  • Controversial
  • Often isolated
  • Synergistic with Mannheimia hemolytica (experimentally)
  • Most likely immunosuppression**
93
Q

How does BVDV immunosuppression setup for respiratory disease?

A
  • Impairs viral clearance

- Secondary bacterial infections

94
Q

Other respiratory viruses associated with bovine pneumonia?

A
  • Adenovirus

- Rhinovirus

95
Q

What is the most common isolate of bacteria associated with BRD?

A
  • M. hemolytica A1

- Highly virulent

96
Q

What are the three main bacteria associated with BRD?

A
  • M. hemolytica
  • P. multocida
  • Haemophilus somnus
97
Q

What type of bacteria are P. multocida and H. somnus?

A
  • Normal inhabitants of URT (not lung)
  • Infect lung when pulmonary defenses are impaired
  • Damage tissues via toxins and mediators
98
Q

Mycoplasmas

A
  • Many associated with respiratory disease
99
Q

Mycoplasma type of bacteria?

A
  • Normal flora of URT except M. bovis

- rare as ONLY pathogens in enzootic pneumonia/shipping fever

100
Q

Enzootic calf pneumonia - who gets?

A
  • Nursing and young calves in dairy, veal, and beef
101
Q

Enzootic calf pneumonia - how contagious?-

A

Extremely

102
Q

Host and environmental factors contributing to spread of enzootic calf pneumonia?

A
  • Passive transfer of immunity
  • Nutrition
  • Environment

IMPORTANT

103
Q

Etiology of Enzootic calf pneumonia - three main components

A
  1. Stress
  2. Virus
  3. Bacteria
104
Q

Stress involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Crowding, drafts, poor ventilation, nutritional deficiencies, disease, temperature fluxes, introduction to carriers/shedders
  • THIS PREDISPOSES ANIMALS TO VIRAL INFECTION
105
Q

Virus involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Alters respiratory immunity (mucociliary elevator, macrophage function)
106
Q

Bacterial involvement in enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somnus

- Endotoxin leads to tissue damage, cell recruitment, initiate complement cascade, initiate coagulation cascade, etc.

107
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Rapid onset
  • Fever (103°-106)
  • Harsh, dry cough and nasal discharge
  • Dyspnea and mouth breathing
  • Dehydration +/- diarrhea
108
Q

Length of course of enzootic calf pneumonia

A

-10-14 days

109
Q

Pathology of enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Bronchopneumonia (anterioventral consolidation, atelectasis, pleural adhesions, emphysema)
  • Weight loss
  • Dehydration
  • Enteritis
110
Q

How to select antibiotics for treatment of enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Culture and sensitivity (hard to do, but can do if an animal has succumbed to it)
  • Best is antemortem and untreated
  • Published field trials
111
Q

MICs of C&S caveat

A
  • Don’t take into account extent of tissue involvement, host defenses, virulence of organism, sub-inhibitory effects
112
Q

Aspects of treatment for enzootic calf pneumonia?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatories to counteract eicosanoids
  • NSAIDs (Flunixin meglumine)
  • Corticosteroids - Support
113
Q

NSAIDs for enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Increased feed intake
  • Decreased fever
  • Enhanced clearance of Pasteurella
114
Q

Corticosteroids for enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Suppress immune system, reduce response to antibiotics, increase relapse rate
115
Q

Support of enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Environment: warm, ventilated
  • Fluids
  • Nutrition
  • Bronchodilators
  • Vitamin B’s and C’s (might not help but might not hurt)
116
Q

Prevention for enzootic calf pneumonia categories

A

Three categories: passive transfer, nutrition, and environment

117
Q

Specific prevention strategies for enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Isolate cows from calves in a dairy
  • Manage colostrum
  • Manage environment to avoid overcrowding and increase ventilation and temperature, good sanitation and hygiene, proper nutrition
  • vaccine programs
118
Q

Vaccine programs for prevention of enzootic calf pneumonia

A
  • Maternal
  • Young calves (2-4 weeks)
  • Don’t over-emphasize***
  • WILL NOT MAKE UP FOR POOR MANAGEMENT
119
Q

Definition of shipping fever

A
  • Acute respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the respiratory system, fibrinous pneumonia, and/or bacterial bronchopneumonia
120
Q

What does shipping fever NOT include?

A
  • Diseases of URT only, sporadic LRT diseases, pleural diseases, parasitic diseases, etc.
121
Q

How common is shipping fever?

A
  • Most common disease of feedlot cattle world wide

- Colorado study showed a majority of disease and mortality

122
Q

What are three main host and environmental risk factors to consider with shipping fever? ** YOU WILL BE ASKED ABOUT THIS*

A
  1. Farm of origin
  2. Transport
  3. Feedlot
123
Q

Farm of origin risk factors - how to mitigate?

A
  • Wean, creep feed, perform surgeries at least three weeks prior to shipment
  • Vaccinate
  • Avoid nutrient deficiencies like Vitamin A, E, Selenium, Copper, and Zinc
124
Q

Transport risk factors - how to mitigate?

A
  • Adequate energy prior to shipment
  • Avoid prolonged transit time
  • Avoid going through multiple auctions
125
Q

Feedlot risk factors - how to mitigate?

A
  • Avoid surgery and MLV vaccines on arrival
  • Minimize mixing
  • Minimize large groups
  • Avoid rapid feeding of high concentrate diets
  • Avoid feeding non-protein nitrogen on arrival
  • Avoid antibiotics in water (decrease intake)
  • Temperature fluxes and high dust lead to pneumonia
126
Q

Pathophysiology of shipping fever

A
  • Stress
  • Viral infection leads to compromised pulmonary defenses
  • Bacterial colonization of lower respiratory tract occurs
127
Q

How long after transit or stress does shipping fever occur?

A
  • 6-10 days usually
128
Q

Signs associated with shipping fever

A
  • Depression, fever (>105°F), anorexia, weight loss, nasal/ocular discharge
  • Cough, rapid, shallow respiration
  • Anterioventral consolidation
  • Crackles and wheezes later
129
Q

Sequelae to shipping fever

A
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Lung/pleural abscessation
  • Pericarditis/pleuritis
130
Q

Cor pulmonale secondary to shipping fever pathophysiology

A
  • Pulmonary hypertension –> right heart hypertrophy, dilation, and failure
131
Q

Treatment approaches to shipping fever

A
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Support
132
Q

What are the two broad factors involved in vaccinating against bovine respiratory disease?

A
  • Raise the resistance with vaccination

- Reduce the exposure

133
Q

Vaccine response in terms of timeline to shipping to prevent fever

A
  • 1st dose as maternal antibodies are waning

- 2nd dose 2-4 weeks later but a few weeks prior to shipping

134
Q

How should vaccines be used?

A
  • As a management tool
  • Success of human vaccines has likely rpoduced unrealistic expectations from vet vaccines
  • There is more controversy and uncertainy about efficacy of vaccines than any topic
135
Q

Does the ideal BRD vaccine exist?

A
  • NO
136
Q

What are the two forms of the BRD vaccines that exist currently?

A
  • MLV and inactivated
137
Q

Cons of MLV

A
  • +/- shedding
  • +/- immunosuppression
  • Interference by PT??
138
Q

Cons of inactivated vaccine

A
  • Require multiple doses
  • Slow response
  • Short protection
139
Q

Do all animals that are vaccinated respond appropriately?

A
  • No
140
Q

What can cause apparent vaccine failures (more of these are errors involved in vaccine delivery)?

A
  • Incubating at vaccination
  • Improper antigen presentation
  • Administration, dose, and antigen distribution
  • Maybe inappropriate injection technique, didn’t give enough
141
Q

What can cause real vaccine failures?

A
  • Genetics
  • Negative protein status
  • Inactivated
  • Lack of strain recognition
142
Q

What are some new vaccine strategies?

A
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Nucleic acid vaccines
  • Recombinant vaccines
143
Q

Review of Field Efficacy of Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines

A
  • Many articles were excluded from a review of the field efficacy of BRD vaccines for being not relevant to the objective of determining field efficacy

9/22 showed a positive effect and 13/22 showed a negative effect

144
Q

Conclusions from the study about BRD vaccines

A
  • Suggests we may be making less than optimal recommendations for vax use because of a lack of clinically relevant information
145
Q

Metaphylaxis

A

Term for use of specific products like tilmicosin upon entry into feed lots

146
Q

What are the data on metaphylaxis?

A
  • Data suggests beneficial effects

- Administration on arrival (post-shipment) was superior to pre-shipment

147
Q

What are the groups of interstitial pneumonia?

A
  • Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
  • 4-Ipomeanol Toxicity
  • Perilla ketone toxicity
148
Q

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema - who gets?

A
  • Fall-pastured cattle undergoing feed change from DRY to LUSH pasture
  • Really can be seen in spring pastured cattle as long as it’s a feed change from dry forage to lush pasture
149
Q

What are the primary lesions in ABPEE/fog fever?

A
  • Pulmonary Edema

- Interstitial Emphysema

150
Q

When does ABPEE occur?

A
  • Within 10 days of change from DRY to LUSH pasture

- Any TYPE of pasture (alfalfa, grass, kale, turnips, etc.) as long as it’s green and growing

151
Q

Age range of cows that are primarily affected by ABPEE?

A
  • Older cattle most often
  • > 3 years
  • No breed is resistant
152
Q

Morbidity and mortality of fog fever

A
  • Variable morbidity but up to 100%

- Mortality ranges but up to 30%

153
Q

Pathophysiology of ABPEE (IMPORTANT**)

A
  • Ingest L-tryptophan in lush pasture
  • L-tryptophan is converted to 3-mI by rumen flora
  • 3-MI is absorbed then metabolized by Clara cells/Type 1 pneumocytes to 3-MEIN
  • 3-MEIN is pneumotoxic
154
Q

What is the toxic principle in ABPEE?

A
  • 3-MEIN

- Pneumotoxic to bronchiolar/alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells

155
Q

Result of ABPEE

A
  • Edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar cell hyperplasia, interstitial edema
156
Q

Acute signs of ABPEE

A
  • Severe dyspnea (EXPIRATORY dyspnea; frothing, mouth breathing, tachypnea, head and neck distended)
  • Distressed (NOT DEPRESSED)
  • Normothermic
  • Decreased breath sounds
  • SC emphysema
157
Q

What type of dyspnea (inspiratory vs expiratory) does ABPEE cause?

A
  • EXPIRATORY
158
Q

Distinguishing features of ABPEE from bronchopneumonia

A
  • Not febrile

- Distressed, but not depressed

159
Q

Stress and ABPEE

A
  • Stress can kill
160
Q

Chronic clinical signs of ABPEE

A
  • Mild
  • Gradual drop in production
  • Gradual dyspnea
  • No signs of sepsis or infectious disease
161
Q

Post-mortem signs of ABPEE

A
  • Pale, heavy lungs, don’t collapse, rib imprints
  • Large airways: ecchymoses, petechial hemorrhage, froth
  • Lobular emphysema, bullae
  • SC emphysema
162
Q

Ddx for ABPEE

A
  • Parasitic bronchitis (younger animals, more coughing, different season)
  • Clostridial disease
  • Anthrax
  • Poisonous plants (moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint)
  • Lightning strike
  • Other pneumonias
163
Q

Diagnosis of ABPEE based on history

A
  • Feed ∆, move to pasture in last 10 days
  • Time of year is fall
  • Age affected is older
164
Q

Feed that suggests ABPEE

A
  • Lush pasture, moldy sweet potatoes, Perilla mint
165
Q

Other diagnosis of ABPEE

A
  • Clinical signs

- Necropsy

166
Q

Treatment for ABPEE

A
  • Best to leave alone?? (irreversible if severe; spontaneous recovery if mildly affected; danger of stressing and killing)
  • Furosemide
  • Flunixin meglumine
167
Q

Prevention on ABPEE ***(IMPORTANT)

A
  1. Acclimate to pasture gradually (feed hay before grazing and gradually increase grazing time over 10-12 days)
  2. Delay grazing until after the first frost
  3. Use pasture before lush
  4. Pasture young stock, sheep first (more resistant)
  5. Ionophore antibiotics (block conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-MI in the rumen
168
Q

What causes 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

A
  • Not allergic reaction

- Compound produced by sweet potatoes in response to infestation with fungus (Fusarium solani)

169
Q

Clinical signs of 4-IPM toxicity?

A
  • ABPEE
170
Q

What causes Perilla ketone toxicity?

A
  • Perilla mint

- Purple mint

171
Q

Which part of the plant contains the pneumotoxin in perilla ketone toxicity?

A
  • Leaves and seeds

- Furans similar to 4-ipomeanol

172
Q

Clinical picture of perilla ketone toxicity?

A
  • ABPEE
173
Q

Other toxic plants

A
  • Brassica spp. (worst offenders for lush pastures)

- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic)

174
Q

What are the two atypical interstitial pneumonias?

A
  • ARDS

- Pulmonary edema/emphyseama and hypertrophy/hyperplasia

175
Q

Who gets ARDS?

A
  • Feedlot cattle and younger calves

- Heifers > steers

176
Q

Is ARDS infectious?

A
  • No
177
Q

Pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia lesions

A
  • SImilar to BRSV
178
Q

Etiologies of ARDS and pulmonary edema/emphysema and hypertrophy/hyperplasia?

A
  • Unknown source if 3-MEIN
179
Q

Morbidity and mortality of ARDS?

A
  • Low morbidity/high mortality
180
Q

Treatment of ARDS

A

None

181
Q

Prevention of ARDS

A

No method at this time

182
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis or mycobacterium tuberculosis
183
Q

What is the defining lesion of tuberculosis?

A
  • Tubercle formation

- Caseating granuloma

184
Q

Usual timeline of tuberculosis?

A
  • Chronic and debilitating

- Acute presentations possible

185
Q

Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in cattle?

A
  • M. bovis
186
Q

Which subtype of tuberculosis is most common in humans?

A
  • M. tuberculosis
187
Q

Human TB overview

A
  • Many associated with Mycoplasma bovis
  • Used to be single greatest killer of people in North America
  • Some respiratory disease associated with livestock
188
Q

WHere is tuberculosis?

A
  • World wide
189
Q

What type of cattle most commonly get tuberculosis?

A
  • Dairy cattle
190
Q

Source for tuberculosis

A
  • Infected animal
  • Organism is in all bodily fluids, draining abscesses
  • Viable in environment for months
  • Housing and pasture are important in transmission and incidence
191
Q

Transmission of tuberculosis

A
  • Inhalation (most common)

- Ingestion possible (especially with young)

192
Q

(IMPORTANT) Clinical signs in tuberculosis

A
  • MAY NOT SHOW OVERT signs other than decreased production
  • Signs are nonspecific and depend on where the disease spread
  • Any animal that is doing poorly, you should think about tuberculosis
193
Q

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis

A
  • Enters lungs, gut, etc.
  • Spreads via lymph nodes
  • Abscess can lead to calcification (Tubercle = surrounding granulation)
  • Variable spread to distant sites
194
Q

Generalized infection signs of tuberculosis

A
  • Ill thrift (anorexia, weight loss, depression, etc.)
195
Q

Pulmonary infection - tuberculosis

A
  • Most common, usually mild
  • Soft, moist cough
  • Silent to adventitial sounds
  • Bloat (mediastinal LN)
  • Dyspnea terminally
196
Q

Alimentary infection with tuberculosis

A
  • Mediastinal LN can lead to bloat, GIT obstruction, etc.
  • Retropharyngeal LN: dyspnea, dysphagia, stridor
  • Rarely, diarrhea
197
Q

Bacteremia syndrome with tuberculosis

A
  • Multifocal LN (internal) enlargement

- SIgns depend on node affected

198
Q

Rare signs of tuberculosis

A

Metritis, mastitis, peripheral LN

199
Q

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

A
  • PE
  • Intradermal skin test
  • Culture
200
Q

Intradermal skin test description

A
  • 0.1 mL PPD Tuberculin
  • Caudal tail fold
  • Scored: negative/suspect/positive
201
Q

What test for suspects on the tuberculosis ID skin test?

A
  • Comparative cervical

- There are some diseases besides tuberculosis that can lead to a positive or suspect

202
Q

Usual suspect rate on the caudal fold skin test

A

5%

203
Q

Treatment of tuberculosis

A
  • None in the US
  • Eradicate
  • Intensive trace back and testing
  • Quarantine instituted if positive
204
Q

Prevention of tuberculosis

A
  • US eradication is the main focus
  • State and federal regulatory test and slaughter
  • Dairies tested acording to milk ordinances (usually every 3 years
  • Test prior to interstate movement
  • Examine at slaughter
  • Almost eradicated from US
205
Q

Tuberculosis category

A
  • Certified free (none in last 5 years)

Ag Animal II (13 decks)

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