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Ag Animal II > Respiratory Disease Overview > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Lung Fields in the Bovine

A
  • Caudal margin: From the 5th rib at the olecranon to the 11th intercostal space through the 9th rib and the point of the shoulder
  • Cranial margin is a line drawn up from the 5th rib at the olecranon
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2
Q

What are 4 unique features of bovine lungs on a histologic level?

A
  • Decreased Pores of Kohn
  • Increased pulmonary intravascular macrophage
  • Increased lobulation and interstitial tissue, which means they are more fibrous and therefore less compliant
  • Reactive vessels and arteries (highly muscular, small)
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3
Q

What type of pneumonia do cows get?

A
  • Bronchopneumonia instead of pleuropneumonia
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4
Q

How do decreased Pores of Kohn predispose cows to more respiratory issues?

A
  • Pores of Kohn are openings between alveoli
  • Bovine have decreased to nonexistent pores of Kohn
  • Can’t equilibrate pressures across areas of lungs
  • If you build pressure within an alveolus, it can either withstand the pressure or not
  • If itcan’t withstand the pressure it will pop
  • If one alveoli becomes too big alveoli, relative surface area to volume decreases so it’s more apt to pop again
  • Extremely susceptible to emphysema because they can’t equilibrate and are more likely to rupture, which makes it even more likely to rupture again
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5
Q

Why are increased pulmonary intravascular macrophages not great?

A
  • If they get reactive
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6
Q

Why are reactive bovine vessels bad?

A
  • Highly muscular and small

- In hypoxia, there’s vasoconstriction, which will make this worse

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7
Q

Signs of respiratory disease

A
  • Cough
  • Nasal discharge
  • Stridor
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Abducted elbow
  • Exercise interolance
  • Ozena
  • Nasal erosions
  • Distortion
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8
Q

Cough as a protective mechanism

A
  • Involuntary

- May be suppressed if painful

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9
Q

Where are sensory receptors for cough?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Bronchioles
  • Parenchyma
  • Pleura
  • You cannot localize a disease from a cough
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10
Q

Ozena

A
  • Foul smell from the nose
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11
Q

Where does a productive cough localize? (GENERALLY)

A
  • Lower respiratory tract
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12
Q

Where does a non-productive cough localize? (GENERALLY)

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
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13
Q

Virus impact on epithelium

A
  • Can denude epithelium and set up for secondary effects

- Animal may be coughing even after antibiotics are finished because it’s not fully healed

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14
Q

How long can it take for a denuded epithelium to heal?

A
  • 6+ weeks for repair
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15
Q

Why don’t cows generally get nasal discharge?

A
  • usually keep it clean
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16
Q

How can unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge help you?

A
  • If it’s one sided, might be more localized (like sinusitis)
  • If it’s one sided, might help you rule out lung disease more
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17
Q

Where is disease if you hear stridor on PE?

A
  • Extra-thoracic

- 50% due to nares

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18
Q

Who can do mouth breathing?

A
  • Cattle/sheep/goats
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19
Q

Who is an obligate nasal breather?

A
  • Camelid
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20
Q

Stridor

A

Wheezing

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21
Q

If it’s expiratory dyspnea, where can you localize?***

A
  • Typically within the thoracic cavity
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22
Q

If it’s inspiratory dyspnea, where can you localize?***

A
  • Typically extra-thoracic
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23
Q

Normal lung sounds

A
  • Bronchial, bronchovesicular, vesicular sounds
  • Can increase with fever, exercise, etc.
  • Can decrease with fat, cold, etc.
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24
Q

What are abnormal sounds called?

A
  • Adventitial sounds
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25
Q

Examples of abnormal sounds?

A
  • Crackles
  • Wheezes
  • Pleural rubs
  • Absence of lung sounds
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26
Q

Epistaxis

A
  • Blood at nares
27
Q

Hemoptysis

A
  • Coughing up blood
28
Q

What can hemoptysis be pathognomonic for?

A
  • Caudal vena caval thrombosis
29
Q

Nasal causes of epistaxis or hemoptysis

A
  • Foreign body, tumor, etc.
30
Q

Pulmonary causes of epistaxis or hemoptysis

A
  • Caudal vena cava thrombosis

- Lung abscess, etc.

31
Q

Reminder of CVCT?

A
  • Sequelae to liver abscesses secondary to rumen acidosis
  • Shower lungs with bacteria and get abscesses
  • If it ruptures into the caudal vena cava, they shower their lungs with pus, which would kill them
  • If you see an animal like this, often needs to be euthanized or salvaged
32
Q

Dyspnea

A
  • Clinical sign meaning shortness of breath
  • Labored breathing
  • May open their mouth, elbows abducted, etc.
33
Q

Respiratory conditions that can cause dyspnea

A
  • Pneumonia, pleuritis, pulmonary edema, etc.
34
Q

Non-respiratory conditions that can lead to dyspnea

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Systemic disease
  • Toxicity
35
Q

Cardiovascular disease that can lead to dyspnea

A
  • Anemia, heart failure, shock, dehydration
36
Q

Systemic disease that can lead to dyspnea

A
  • Pain, hyperthermia, acidosis
37
Q

Toxicity

A

Organophosphates, carbamates, nitrate, cyanide, Taxus (yew)

38
Q

Diagnostic procedures for respiratory disease

A
  • History
  • Clinical
  • Environment
  • Management
  • Signs
39
Q

What causes lung sounds?

A
  • Turbulence of air
40
Q

At the periphery of the lung fields in a healthy animal, what should you hear?

A
  • SHouldn’t hear anything beyond the 7th branching airway

- Air filled lungs diminish the sound

41
Q

What will you hear in a consolidated lung field?

A
  • More sound

- Solid tissue propagates the sound better I guess

42
Q

Where do you hear bronchial sounds?

A
  • Listened to over the trachea
  • Inspiratory and expiratory
  • Pay attention to inspiratory and expiratory sounds
43
Q

Where to hear bronchovesicular sounds

A
  • Right over the hilus

- Typically hear inspiratory and expiratory

44
Q

Where to hear vesicular sounds?

A
  • At the periphery
  • Pretty quiet
  • Should hear inspiratory sounds but likely won’t hear expiratory sounds
  • If you hear expiratory vesicular sounds, that’s suggestive of respiratory disease or consolidation
45
Q

Rank the order of which sounds (bronchial, bronchovesicular, vesicular) have the loudest expiratory noise?

A
  1. Bronchial (insp and exp about equal length, but inspiration is louder)
  2. Bronchovesicular
  3. Vesicular (MOSTLY inspiratory)
46
Q

Other ways to diagnose respiratory disease besides history and PE?

A
  • Percussion
  • Radiographs
  • Ultrasound
  • Endoscopy
47
Q

Percussion

A
  • Pleximeter and tap around

- People who are adept can detect changes up to 7 cm deep in a tissue

48
Q

Radiographs for LA

A
  • Possible, but it has to be small enough

- Less frequent

49
Q

Ultrasound for LA respiratory disease

A
  • Great for pleural disease and consolidation

- If you have healthy lung with air, it will reflect off

50
Q

Endoscopy for LA respiratory disease

A
  • Typically have to be really heavily sedated
  • Will chew up endoscopes
  • Maybe for laryngeal problems
51
Q

Trans-tracheal wash (TTW) - where does the sample come from?

A
  • Pooled secretions of the caudal lung fields (mixed with upper airway material)
  • Does NOT directly sample parenchyma
52
Q

Cytology on TTW

A
  • Poorly correlated with culture and clinical signs
53
Q

Culture for TTW

A
  • Most useful part

- He still isn’t a huge fan, because you can isolate pathogenic bacteria from normal animals

54
Q

Complications of TTW

A
  • Cut tubing
  • Emphysema
  • Local infection
55
Q

Bronchoalveolar lavage - where does the sample come from?

A
  • Airways nearest parenchyma (lower airway to alveoli)

- Limited area sampled

56
Q

Bronchoalveolar lavage advantages compared to TTW

A
  • Easy to perform

- Good for cytology

57
Q

Bronchoalveolar lavage sterility

A
  • Non-sterile
58
Q

Thoracocentesis site

A
  • Percussion
  • Ultrasound
  • 6th or 7th intercostal space at the costochondral junction
  • Penetrate near the front of the rib
59
Q

In the bovine, are the two pleural compartments connected?

A
  • No, they are separate
60
Q

Normal thoracocentesis fluid in a bovine

A
  • WBC <10,000/µL

- Protein <3.5 g/dL

61
Q

Sinus trephination

A
  • Not done as much
62
Q

Lung biopsy

A
  • Doable when appropriate
63
Q

Arterial blood gas

A
  • Hard to get in a ruminant

- Maybe an auricular artery or carpal in a calf

64
Q

Nuclear imaging

A
  • hard with withdrawal times

Ag Animal II (13 decks)

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