Depression anemias

Question 1

Where are sources of iron?

Answer 1

• Most forage and grains
• Colostrum
• Soil, dam’s feces, and milk

Question 2

When do you most often see iron deficiency?

Answer 2

• Chronic blood loss
• Big problem in pigs housed indoors (usually get iron dextran in the first 24 hours)
• Parasites
• Bleeding GI lesiosn
• Hemostatic defects

Question 3

Clin Path of Iron deficiency

Answer 3

• Low PCV, normal protein
• Low hemoglobin, MCV, and MCHC (microcytic, hypochromic anemia)
• Weirdly shaped cells
• Hypoferritenemia and hypoferremia

Question 4

Treatment for iron deficiency

Answer 4

• Correct causes for chronic blood loss
• Oral iron-ferrous sulfate
• Can give parenteral iron dextran in piglets ONLY

Question 5

Why can’t you give iron dextran to ruminants or camelids?

Answer 5

• May cause anaphylactic shock

Question 6

Copper deficiency - what does it resemble?

Answer 6

• Iron deficiency

- This is more common out here

Question 7

Primary copper deficiency

Answer 7

• Milk fed animals or pastured in copper deficient areas

-

Question 8

Secondary copper deficiency

Answer 8

• Trace mineral imbalances
• Molybdenum excess
• Sulfur and zinc content in the diet

Question 9

Clinical signs of copper deficiency

Answer 9

• Reduced growth rate
• Rough and DEPIGMENTED hair, diarrhea, osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures
• Anemia
• Enzootic ataxia in lambs

Question 10

What type of anemia in copper deficiency?

Answer 10

• Microcytic, hypochromic

- required for iron to be incorporated

Question 11

Bone marrow of copper deficient animal?

Answer 11

• Intracellular accumulation of iron

- Sideroblasts*** (iron accumulation within early blast cells for erythrocytes)

Question 12

Copper deficiency diagnosis

Answer 12

• Ceruloplasmin
• Erythrocyte dismutase
• Hair, liver, kidney levels*** (serial serum samples too)

Question 13

Treatment of copper deficiency

Answer 13

• Mineral supplements
• Oral copper oxide needles
• Copper injections like multimin (not appropriate in sheep)

Question 14

Cobalt, folate and Vit B12 deficiency - who gets?

Answer 14

• Associated with development of anemia in ruminants in horses

Question 15

What do cobalt, folate, and Vit B12 play a role in within the body?

Answer 15

• DNA synthesis and protein and energy metabolism

Question 16

Signs of cobalt, folate, and Vit B12 deficiency

Answer 16

• Ill thrift
• Weight loss
• Poor growth
• Anemia

Question 17

Diagnosis for cobalt, folate, and Vit B12 deficiency

Answer 17

• Cobalt or B12 analysis in blood or tissues
• Anemia is normocytic, normochromic (differs from iron and copper***)
• May see a macrocytosis

Question 18

Treatment of cobalt, folate, and Vit B12

Answer 18

• Vitamin injections

- Increase/add cobalt to the diet

Question 19

Anemia of chronic disease cause

Answer 19

• Disturbance in iron metabolism
• Anemia also due to decrease in circulating RBC lifespan
• Depressed bone marrow response

Question 20

Clin path of anemia of chronic disease

Answer 20

• Slowly progressive anemia that’s mild
• Unresponsive anemia
• Inflammatory indications (neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis, elevated fibrinogen, TP, and globulin)

Question 21

Treatment for anemia of chronic disease

Answer 21

• Treat underlying cause

- Parasites, tooth root abscesses, etc.

Question 22

Anemia due to bone marrow dyplasia or dysfunction - how common

Answer 22

Not common

• Aplastic anemia

Question 23

Where is the disorder with aplastic anemia?

Answer 23

• Stem cells

- Reflect alterations in other cells (neutropenia or thrombocytopenia)

Question 24

Causes of aplastic anemia

Answer 24

• Neoplasia

- Drugs or toxins (phenylbutazone in cows)

Question 25

Diagnosis of aplastic anemia

Answer 25

• history
• Clinical findings (pancytopenia)
• Bone marrow analysis

Question 26

Treatment for aplastic anemia

Answer 26

• Remove animal from suspect cause
• Supportive care
• Broad spectrum abx
• rare blood transfusion
• platelet transfusion if you see bleeding episodes