small mammals 5 - Diseases of Rodents and Other Species Flashcards

1
Q

guinea pig diseases common with rabbits

A
  • Gastrointestinal
    Stasis and Dysbiosis
  • Dental Disease and
    Abscesses
    Urolithiasis
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2
Q

GP Gastrointestinal
Stasis and Dysbiosis causes

A
  • Dental disease
  • Antibiotic-associated enterotoxaemia – G-ve and Clostridium overgrowth
  • GDV – rare
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3
Q

GP risk factor for Dental Disease and
Abscesses

A
  • Hypovitaminosis C
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4
Q

Urolithiasis GP surgical outcome

A

Very poor surgical outcome

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5
Q

Urolithiasis in GPs
- how it arises, what occurs, concurrent issues….

A
  • Urolithiasis is a common problem; etiopathogenesis is unclear.
  • Calculi are found in both sexes, usually more than 2 years old.
  • 90% of calculi are composed of calcium carbonate.
  • Most are in the bladder, urethra (commonly at the urethral orifice in sows), or ureters;
    also found in the kidneys and occasionally in the seminal vesicles or vagina.
  • In males, often lodge at the bladder neck at the seminal colliculus (narrowing at the
    urethral mound where the seminal vesicles and prostate gland open into the urethra).
  • Clinical signs are associated with the size and location of the calculi.
  • Bladder or urethral calculi – micturition abnormalities such as hematuria, stranguria, or dysuria and vague clinical signs such as lethargy, reluctance to move, and anorexia.
  • If higher in the urinary tract – micturition abnormalities may still be present, but lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and a hunched posture may be the only clinical signs.
  • Concurrent urinary tract infections involving Corynebacterium renale and other bacteria.
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6
Q

urolithiasis in GPs Dx

A

Diagnosis – clinical signs, physical examination, diagnostic imaging (calcium carbonate is
radio-opaque, contrast urethrogram in males, intravenous pyelograms or contrast CT), urinalysis (hematuria); ultrasound for location and to evaluate anatomic changes in the kidneys or ureters.

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7
Q

urolithiasis in GPs tx, prevention

A
  • Treatment – medical unrewarding; may pass stones smaller than 5 mm; surgical or cystoscopic removal.
  • Prevention – increase water intake (nipple drinker), reduce dietary calcium (diets should contain a high percentage of timothy, oat, or grass hays, a lower overall percentage of pellets, and a wide variety of low calcium vegetables; alfalfa hay and pellets and high calcium greens should be avoided); potassium citrate questionable.
  • Often reoccurs.
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8
Q

GP Vitamin C Deficiency etiology

A
  • Mutated L-gulonolactone oxidase gene
  • Cannot convert L-gulonolactone to L-ascorbic acid
  • Require vitaminCPO
  • Insufficientifin correct/ poorly stored diet
    <><><><>
  • Guinea pigs are incapable of endogenous vitamin C synthesis because have a mutated gene for L-gulonolactone oxidase, preventing the conversion of L- gulonolactone to L-ascorbic acid.
  • Require 10 to 25 mg/kg/day of vitamin C in their diet; pregnant animals require 30 mg/kg/day.
  • Young, growing animals more susceptible to scurvy, clinical disease within 2 weeks.
  • Inappropriate diet (e.g., rabbit pellets) or poorly stored, lacks vitamin C.
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9
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency result

A
  • Defective type IV collagen, laminin, and elastin
  • Compromises blood vessel and joint integrity
    <><><><>
  • Results in defective type IV collagen, laminin, and elastin; compromises blood vessel and joint integrity, resulting in joint and gingival hemorrhages; teeth loosen, and malocclusion develops.
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10
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency clinical signs GP

A
  • Rough hair coat
  • Dental disease
  • Delayed wound healing
  • Lameness, paresis, swollen joints
  • Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
  • Pathological fractures
  • Generalized hemorrhages
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11
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency Dx

A
  • Serum ascorbic acid level
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12
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency treatment

A
  • Vitamin C parentally then PO
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13
Q

Hyperthyroidism etiology GP

A
  • Common, > 3 years
  • Thyroidhyperplasia, adenoma, or carcinoma; non-functional / functional
  • If functional→increase in circulating thyroxine and triiodothyronine → increase in metabolic rate
    <><><><
  • Thyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma; non-functional or functional (leading to hyperthyroidism).
  • Most common endocrine disorder; animals older than 3 years.
  • Excessive circulating thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) result in
    an increase in metabolic rate and exacerbate effects on the sympathetic nervous system.
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14
Q

Hyperthyroidism clinical signs GP

A

If functional
* Increased appetite
* PU/PD
* Weight loss
* Hyperactivity, nervousness
* Soft feces or diarrhea
* Palpable subcutaneous masses on the ventral neck
* Tachycardia, heart murmur, arrhythmia
* Hyperesthesia
<><><><>
Clinical signs – progressive weight loss, reduced body condition, normal or increased appetite, polydipsia and polyuria, hyperactivity, nervousness, and soft feces or diarrhea; palpable subcutaneous masses on the ventral neck, tachycardia, heart murmur, arrhythmia, and hyperesthesia.

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15
Q

Hyperthyroidism GP Dx

A
  • Thyroid panel
  • US, FNA
  • Diagnosis – blood sample for full thyroid panel; diagnostic imaging (fine-needle aspirate).
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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism treatment GP

A
  • Radioactive I131 best
  • Surgical removal difficult
  • Life-long methimazole or carbimazole
    <><><>
  • Treatment – radioactive iodine-131 gold-standard; drugs that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, such as methimazole or carbimazole, not curative and life-long treatment; surgical removal difficult.
17
Q

Ovarian Cysts GP
* Etiology and Result

A
  • Ovarian cysts are common in guinea pigs, older animals.
  • Two types occur: serous cysts (cystic rete ovarii, non-functional cysts) and
    hormone-producing follicular cysts.
  • Problems reported concurrently include leiomyomas of the uterine structures,
    granulosa cell tumors, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and endometritis.
  • Serous Cysts
  • Develop spontaneously throughout the estrous cycle, not LH responsive, not hormone-producing; single / multilocular, clear fluid; 0.5-7 cm diameter, increase with age; only space-occupying signs.
  • Diagnosis by ultrasound.
  • Palliative draining but can quickly reoccur; ovariohysterectomy.
  • Follicular Cysts
  • Usually coincide with serous cysts; derived from preovulatory follicles that fail to ovulate; alters normal ovarian cyclicity.
  • Associated with bilaterally symmetric nonpruritic flank alopecia and mammary hyperkeratosis.
  • May respond to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by inducing a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in luteinization of cysts.
  • Sustained-release GnRH formulations (e.g., deslorelin implants) not effective, can lead to vaginal infections.
18
Q

Ovarian Cysts Dx GP

A

US

19
Q

Ovarian Cysts Tx GP

A
  • Serous
  • Drain, ovariohysterectomy
    <><><><>
  • Follicular
  • GnRH, hCG → LH surge → luteinization
  • Not sustained-release GnRH formulations
20
Q

GP ectoparasites etiology

A
  • Fur mite – Chirodiscoides caviae
  • Sarcoptic mite – Trixacarus caviae, zoonotic
  • Lice and, rarely, Demodex
  • Secondary bacterial / fungal
    infections
21
Q

Trixacarus caviae cause what in GP

A

severe pruritis

22
Q

Ectoparasites GP treatment

A
  • Ivermectin / selamectin
  • Antihistamine, NSAIDs
  • Environment
23
Q

GP ectoparasites summary

A
  • The fur mite Chirodiscoides caviae is most common; subclinical to severe.
  • The sarcoptic mite Trixacarus caviae is the most severe; scratch so intensely,
    appear to be having a seizure; zoonotic.
  • Infection with lice (Gliricola porcelli, Gyropus ovalis) and, rarely, Demodex caviae
    also occurs.
  • Secondary fungal or bacterial infections.
  • Diagnosed by microscopic examination and direct visualization of the mites or
    their eggs.
  • Treatment with ivermectin or selamectin effective; often repeat.
  • Treat severe pruritus with antihistamines (diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine), and
    NSAIDs.
  • Disinfect the environment.
24
Q

Dermatophytosis in GP organisms

A
  • Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. benhamiae
  • Microsporum canis
25
Q

GP pneumonia pathogen

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica * Rabbits → GP
26
Q

GP enteritis etiology

A
  • Tyzzer’s disease * Salmonellosis
27
Q

GP cervical lymphadenitits pathogen

A

Streptococcus equi, subsp. zooepidemicus