small mammals 3 pt 2 Flashcards
Myomorphs (R, M, H, & G) Sedation and Induction
- painful vs non-painful
Sedation
* < 30 min fast
* R:
> Non-painful procedure – midazolam + butorphanol IM
> Painful procedure – alfaxalone + hydromorphone IM
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Induction
* Mask induction
> isoflurane / sevoflurane
* Intubation –rarely done
Hedgehogs / Sugar Gliders
Sedation and Induction
- speed, drugs, considerations
Sedation
* < 30 min fast
* Midazolam + opioid +/- ketamine
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Induction
* Mask induction
> Isoflurane / sevoflurane
* Intubation – challenging
Ferrets Sedation and Induction
Sedation
* Fast: 2-4 h (max 2 h if insulinoma)
* Midazolam IM + butorphanol IM or hydromorphone IM or SC
* VERY sensitive to opioids (respiratory depression)
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Induction
* Once sedated, mask induction
preferred
* Ketamine + dexmedetomidine IM
* Ketamine + midazolam IM
* Intubation – like a cat
IMPORTANT considerations for ferret sedation
VERY sensitive to opioids (respiratory depression)
Maintenance of inhalant anesthetic
Isoflurane / sevoflurane
* Most common
* Tight-fitting mask / nose cone
* Intubation can be difficult
* Environmental pollution
CRI anesthetic maintenance
> how do we do it? benefits? drugs?
- Balanced anesthesia
- IV catheter and syringe pump
- Benefits:
> Analgesia
> MAC reduction
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Drugs: - Ketamine
- Fentanyl – 25-60% decrease in MAC
- Lidocaine – 11-22% decrease in MAC
- +/- norepinephrine
Airway Management for rabbits
- what we need to consider? how can we see the trachea?
Rabbits are obligate nose breathers due to their epiglottis positioned rostrally to the soft palate. When looking into the oral cavity, a wall of tissue covering the opening of the glottis will be observed. To see into the tracheal opening, the soft palate will need to be elevated to drop the epiglottis into view. The mucosa is very sensitive to trauma related to intubation.
Airway Management for guinea pigs, what we need to consider?
In guinea pigs, the soft palate has a small opening called the palatal ostium, which connects the oropharynx with the pharynx. The larynx lies dorsally within the oropharynx in close association with the nasopharynx, which also makes them obligate nasal breathers
Direct visualization of airway can use:
- Laryngoscope
- Endoscope:
> 3-4 mm tubes
> “Over the endoscope” technique
> Using a stylet
> May require lidocaine
Blind Intubation for rabbit steps
- Induce
- Hold head vertically and symmetrically
- 2/2.5 mm uncuffed ET tube
- Advance until see fogging
- Add 2 mg/kg lidocaine, blow, wait 30 sec
- Add capnograph
- +/- isoflurane via ET tube * Advance, turn, evaluate
special device for intubating rabbits to push soft pallet out of the way and sit on top of glottis
A supraglottic airway device (SAD)
* v-gel® ADVANCED Rabbit
* Always confirm position by using a capnograph!
* great for an emergency, good to have in case something goes wrong
when to sue a nasotrachel tube for airway management?
- Ventral nasal meatus
- Risk of vagal bradycardia
- Oral procedures / emergency
type of circuit and breathing equipment to use for inhalant system
Non-rebreathing circuits
* Low resistance to breathing
* Need high flow rates (≥ minute ventilation)
* Vaporizer changes are quickly delivered to the patient
* Less drag on the endotracheal tube
Mechanical ventilator
* Specialized equipment
relfexes to monitor to ensure proper anesthetic depth
Nociceptive/withdrawal reflexes
* Toe/rectal pinch (guinea pigs may show involuntary leg movements)
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Corneal and palpebral reflexes
* Slight palpebral and corneal reflexes maintained at appropriate depth
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Pupil size and response to light
* Fixed, dilated, non‐responsive to light – excessive anesthetic depth
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Muscle/anal tone
* Expected to decrease with increasing anesthetic depth
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Sudden acute changes in autonomic variables
* Light anesthetic plane
Support during anesthitic
- fluid rate, temp eyes, heart, BP things to be aware of
- Fluids – 5-10 mL/kg/hr
- Heat – maintain body temperature
- Eyes – lubricate +/- suture closed
- Bradycardia – glycopyrrolate SC/IM
- Hypotension – norepinephrine CRI
