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3. Comparative 2 > Lab animals 1 > Flashcards

Lab animals 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are most lab animals used for?

A
  1. studies relating to essential structures and functions
  2. development of products
  3. medical studies
  4. education and training
  5. regulatory testing
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2
Q

what animals are used?

A
  1. mice
  2. fish
  3. cattle
    - brids, rats, etc…
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3
Q

difference with lab animal vs other vet med

A
  • Specific pathogen-free animals – infectious agents
    very rarely cause of health issues
  • Regulated environment and Multiple stakeholders
  • Purpose – answer scientific questions, or use in
    teaching – compared to companionship or
    production
  • Health questions and treatments – impact includes
    interference with research
  • Cost vs Benefit analysis – Welfare assessment of
    animals
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4
Q

how do we avoid lab animals getting exposed to other pathogens?

A
  • Most pathogenic agents have been
    eradicated from the field through:
  • Sanitation of environment
  • Rederivation (C-section, fostering)
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5
Q

animal wellness conversational issues in lab med

A
  • Challenge of meeting behavioural needs in convenient enclosures
  • Impact of research protocols inducing disease, or conditions for study, genetic manipulation
  • Ethical use of animals
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6
Q

veterinarians in animal research are employed by who?

A
  • University/government/hospital - clinical
    veterinarian, administration, pathologist, specialist,
    educator
  • Private sector - as above + toxicologist, discovery
  • Biomedical researcher
  • Consultant (enrichment, welfare, model
    development, etc)
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7
Q

lab animal veterinarian roles and responsibilities

A
  • screening of protocols and advising researchers:
    > anesthetic, analgesic, antiseptic surgical methods, routes / volumes for drug admin
    <><>
  • training researchers and staff > handling, surgery, anesthesia, observation of procedures
    <><>
  • clinical rounds > examine, diagnose, and provide treatment plans
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8
Q

how to lab animal vets train research personel? who are these personnel?

A
  • roles of lab staff > admin of substances, anesthesia, surgery
  • background of lab staff > undergrad, grad students, research associates, vets, MDs, etc.
    > training comprised of online materials, quizzes, hands-on modules, assessment
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9
Q

Laws and Regulations for lab animal vets

A
  • Criminal Code and Cruelty to Animals Act (Federal)
  • Animals for Research Act – Ontario (Provincial) > minimal standards of care for vertebrates, also inspections and reviews (OMAFRA)
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10
Q

federal guidelines for use of experimental animals
- what document? how does it work?

A

CCAC – Canadian Council on Animal Care
- voluntary?
* Constant revisions of guidelines
* Peer review system of oversight
* CCAC inspection every 5-6 years

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11
Q

Local Oversight – ACC
- what is this? what they do?

A

Animal Care Committee
* Group of individuals appointed by an
institutional officer that provide
oversight for animal use in an
institution
<><>
Required members
* Institutional scientist
* Veterinarian
* Community member
<><>
Additional Members
* Administration
* Institutional non-animal user
* Health and Safety
* Statistician
<><>
Activities
* Animal care and use programs
* Protocol review (Animal Use Protocol,
AUP)
* Facilities
* Ensure scientific merit review
* Animal user training
* Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
programs
* Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
* Provision of adequate veterinary care
* Compliance
* Documentation

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12
Q

stakeholders of lab animals

A
  • Clients
  • Institutional property
  • Public funding, ethical treatment
  • community members
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13
Q

public opinion on lab animals and use
- is welfare important?
- should there be oversight by an independent body?

A
  • public believes welfare is important and there be be oversight
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14
Q

what does the public think about use of animals for:
- medical research
- training / teaching
- agricultural studies
- understanding functions of tissues and organs

A
  • for all of these, most people find acceptable or somewhat acceptable
    > most support for use in teaching (eg. of veterinarians)
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15
Q

Scientific and Pedagogical Merit of animal use - what are our standards?

A
  • All studies must have
    scientific merit based
    on peer review
  • Review by funding
    agencies often
    accepted (NSERC, CIHR)
  • Alternative methods
    must be in place for
    funding from non-peer
    reviewed sources
  • Teaching protocols
    must have pedagogical
    merit
  • More difficult because
    fewer experts in
    pedagogy related to
    animal training
  • Includes animal user
    training at institutions
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16
Q

Animal Use Protocol
- what is this? who approves it?

A
  • Describes the animal use
    proposed by a researcher
  • Must be approved by the
    ACC
    <><><><>
  • Research objectives and benefits in
    lay terms
  • Rationale for use of animals
  • Personnel and
    qualifications/training
  • Funding and peer review
  • Category of invasiveness
  • Detailed procedures involving
    animals
  • Consideration of the 3Rs
  • Humane endpoints
  • Safeguards for the use of
    hazardous agents
  • Method of euthanasia (acceptable,
    conditional)
17
Q

what are ‘animal models’? what is the ideal?

A
  • Definition: Form of imitation in which
    normal biology/behaviour can be studied
    or in which spontaneous/induced disease
    processes can be explored
    <><><><>
  • Ideal Animal Model:
  • similarity to process being mimicked
  • ease of handling,
  • rapid reproduction,
  • economy of maintenance,
  • ability to sample,
  • defined genetic composition,
  • defined disease status
18
Q

spontaneous vs induced animal models

A

spontaneous - epilepsy, colitis, neoplasia… hard to control when they happen. less common.
induced - genetics, surgical, chemical… more common.

19
Q

humane endpoints for lab animals

A
  • death should not be an endpoint
  • develop humane endpoints that reliably lead to death
    ‘- prefer stage 1 as opposed to pre-moribund mouse
  • maximum tolerated dose (MTD) replacing LD50 (lethal dose) > dose at which there are negative clinical signs, but not death (animals don’t have to suffer in the same way to determine lethality)
20
Q

Humane Intervention Points
- what is this?

A
  • The term ‘humane intervention point’ is used to
    describe a time at which clinical signs (physiology,
    physical appearance, or behaviour) indicate that an
    intervention is required to relieve pain or distress,
    but it is not necessarily euthanasia.
  • Requires monitoring and treatment plans
21
Q

monitoring sheets and scoring tell us what?

A
  • describe the disease we are investigating but as well as health and welfare parameters, and humane interventions
    > show us when to watch more closely for interventions…
22
Q

Authority to treat for lab animals - what is this? how does it work?

A
  • The ACC must also delegate to the
    veterinarian(s) the authority to treat,
    remove from a study or euthanize, if
    necessary, an animal according to the
    veterinarian’s professional judgment.
  • The veterinarian must attempt to contact
    the animal user whose animal is in poor
    condition before beginning any treatment
    that has not previously been agreed upon.
  • A written report should be sent by the
    veterinarian to the animal user and to the
    AC
23
Q

3 rs - what are they? purpose?

A

3Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement
<><><><>
The first ethical framework developed to ensure research animal welfare
“….scientific excellence and humane use of laboratory animals are inextricably linked.”

24
Q

methods of replacement of animals in research

A
  • Organoids– multi-tissue in vitro experiments
  • Organ on a chip
  • Teaching models
  • Non-animal health surveillance
25
Q

methods of reduction of animal use in research

A
  • Appropriately designed
    and analysed animal
    experiments that are
    robust and
    reproducible, and truly
    add to the knowledge
    base.
  • PREPARE and ARRIVE
    guidelines– Checklists
    for standardized
    preparation and
    reporting of studies
26
Q

methods of refining animal use in research

A
  • Behavioural management – Provision of
    environmental resources and practices to meet animals’ needs
  • Refined handling practices – similar to Fear-free practices, training of animals
  • RI.SE – Research Institute of Sweden
27
Q

Why aren’t the 3Rs enough?

A

“the 3Rs framework does not feature general moral principles that display the core values at work in animal
research ethics. In addition, the 3Rs framework does not adequately address the costs and benefits of animals research to humane beings or include a comprehensive program of animal-subjects protection”
Beauchamp and DeGrazia (B&D)

28
Q

Principles of Animal Research
Ethics

A

Principles of Social Benefit
* The Principle of No Alternative Method
* The Principle of Expected Net Benefit
* The Principle of Sufficient Value to Justify Harm
<><><><>
Principles of Animal Welfare
* The Principle of No Unnecessary Harm
* The Principle of Basic Needs
* The Principle of Upper Limits to Harm

29
Q

summary of lecture
- regulation? stakeholders? ethics?

A
  • Laboratory animal research is highly regulated
    especially in the academic setting
  • Multiple stakeholders involved that impact
    decisions related to care and treatment
  • Establishing monitoring and treatment protocols in
    advance is critical
  • Ethical framework starts with the 3Rs and is
    progressing towards inclusion of clear societal
    benefit, and upper limits to harm
30
Q

3 Rs definitions

A

Replacement - Avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they otherwise would have been used.
<><>
Reduction - Minimising the number of animals used consistent with scientific aims.
<><>
Refinement - Minimising the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience.

3. Comparative 2 (20 decks)

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