Nonhuman Primates Flashcards
Primates - Characteristics
- Unguiculate (nails) & claviculate
- Eye orbits encircled in bone
- Innermost digit of at least 1 pair of extremities opposable
- Well developed cecum
- Pendulous penis and
scrotal testes - Two pectoral mammae
Suborder: Catarrhine primates
Old World Monkeys (OWM)
- nutrients they need?
- Require Vitamin C supplementation
- All can utilize vitamin D2 in diet
Suborder: Platyrrhine primates
New World Monkeys (NWM)
- nutritional considerations
- Require Vitamin D3 in diet, ingested D2 not bioavailable
- also require vitamin C
important resrictions on primates
- Personal importation (for breeding or pet purposes): PROHIBITED
- Show or movies (from the United States only)
> resident in the United States for sixty (60) days
> from any country other is prohibited. - Zoological display or exhibition
> accredited under the “Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums” - Research purposes
> laboratory currently in good standing with the CCAC
CFIA regulations for primates
Requires Unique
identification
CITES regulations for primates
Appendix I
* Species that are threatened
with extinction and CITES
prohibits international trade
in specimens of these
species (except in select
non-commercial trades)
* Chimpanzee
* Many Spider monkeys
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Appendix II
* not necessarily threatened
with extinction currently
but that may become so
unless trade is closely
controlled
* Rhesus & Cynomolgus macaques
* Common marmoset
* Baboons
association of zoos and aquariums guidelines
- AZA’s Board-approved Policy on the Presentation of Animals
(2008), clearly articulates that: “Animals should always be
presented in adherence to the following core principles:
– Animal and human health, safety, and welfare are never compromised
– Education and a meaningful conservation message are integral
components of the presentation
– The individual animals involved are consistently maintained in a
manner that meets their social, physical, behavioral, and nutritional
needs.
– Unless extensive testing has been performed for a variety of viral,
parasitic, and bacterial diseases, all direct public contact with primates
should be avoided. Public contact also places the primates at
considerable risk of contracting diseases from humans.
AZA White Paper on Personal Possession of Non-Human Primates AZA Position (July 2015)
– Personal possession of non-human primates has significant negative
implications for animal welfare and health as well as public health and safety
– The AZA does not support personal possession of non-human primates and
encourages AZA member organizations not to participate in animal acquisition
and transfer activities that may facilitate the personal possession of non-
human primates
– AZA member organizations are increasingly being asked to shelter and
care for non-human primates that have been abandoned or
confiscated from personal possession sources, often leading to ethical
and SSP (Species Survival Plan) sustainability dilemmas
Anthropozoonosis:
A disease of either animals or man that may be
transmitted from 1 species to another
> ie. we can give it to animals
important disease for OWM
- Viral: Herpes B virus (macaques), measles,
Hepatitis A & B, SIV - Bacterial: Mycobacterium spp, enterocolitis
- Parasitic: lung mites (Pneumonyssoides spp), intestinal
(Strongyloides spp, Oesophagostomum spp) - Other: bloat, scurvy, endometriosis, trauma, pneumonia,
undifferentiated diarrhea, hepatic lipidosis
important diseases for NWM
-
Respiratory disease (Klebsiella spp, Pasteurella, spp,
Bordetella spp, etc), metabolic bone disease, dystocia,
undifferentiated diarrhea/wasting, filarid parasites,
Non-conditioned, wild-caught NHPs can carry
significant zoonoses, such as…
– Arbovirus (yellow fever), Ebola virus, Marburg virus
– Meliodosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) – suppurative and caseous lesions in skin and organs
– Monkey pox virus (recent outbreak Summer 2022 – not known to be from NHPs)
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* Rabies virus– may be some NHP-adapted rabies
strains, 20 human cases suspected from marmosets
* HIV-1 – originated from SIV (chimpanzees)
- Herpes B Virus – MHV-1
Herpes B Virus – MHV-1
- what is this? signs? human relevance?
Most important for humans, zoonotic from macaques: can be lethal to humans
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* Naturally occurring
α-herpesvirus of macaques
* Clinical signs: similar to Herpes
simplex I in humans
* Disease generally undetectable
in host or minimal signs
* Shedding may be inapparent
and short-lived
* Infection acquired early in life
(fighting, sexual activity)
* No treatment or vaccination
* Colony monitoring
* SPF colonies
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In humans:
* P.E. Day 10 – sore eye
* P.E. Day 14 – severe headache,
hospitalized
* P.E. Day 15 – antiviral Rx
* P.E. Day 42 – life support discontinued
HBV - Risk Reduction? how bad is it for humans?
- 7-10,000 human exposures
annually in North America - Relative risk of infection is low
- 85% case fatality rate in humans,
survivors consume severe mental
impairment - Rhesus virus vs cynomolgus virus
- BSL-2 PPE without exception in
Canada - Training
- Post-exposure plan
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Required PPE - Head cover
- Coverall
- Latex/nitrile gloves
- Waterproof shoe covers
- Safety glasses or goggles
- Face shield
- NIOSH - approved respirator mask
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Optional equipment - Apron
- PAPR breathing apparatus
- Armlets
- Double layer gloves
Herpes B Virus – MHV-1 - what do we do if we get bitten?
- enveloped virus, susceptible to cleaning out
> clean wound quickly!
