Nonhuman Primates Flashcards
Primates - Characteristics
- Unguiculate (nails) & claviculate
- Eye orbits encircled in bone
- Innermost digit of at least 1 pair of extremities opposable
- Well developed cecum
- Pendulous penis and
scrotal testes - Two pectoral mammae
Suborder: Catarrhine primates
Old World Monkeys (OWM)
- nutrients they need?
- Require Vitamin C supplementation
- All can utilize vitamin D2 in diet
Suborder: Platyrrhine primates
New World Monkeys (NWM)
- nutritional considerations
- Require Vitamin D3 in diet, ingested D2 not bioavailable
- also require vitamin C
important resrictions on primates
- Personal importation (for breeding or pet purposes): PROHIBITED
- Show or movies (from the United States only)
> resident in the United States for sixty (60) days
> from any country other is prohibited. - Zoological display or exhibition
> accredited under the “Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums” - Research purposes
> laboratory currently in good standing with the CCAC
CFIA regulations for primates
Requires Unique
identification
CITES regulations for primates
Appendix I
* Species that are threatened
with extinction and CITES
prohibits international trade
in specimens of these
species (except in select
non-commercial trades)
* Chimpanzee
* Many Spider monkeys
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Appendix II
* not necessarily threatened
with extinction currently
but that may become so
unless trade is closely
controlled
* Rhesus & Cynomolgus macaques
* Common marmoset
* Baboons
association of zoos and aquariums guidelines
- AZA’s Board-approved Policy on the Presentation of Animals
(2008), clearly articulates that: “Animals should always be
presented in adherence to the following core principles:
– Animal and human health, safety, and welfare are never compromised
– Education and a meaningful conservation message are integral
components of the presentation
– The individual animals involved are consistently maintained in a
manner that meets their social, physical, behavioral, and nutritional
needs.
– Unless extensive testing has been performed for a variety of viral,
parasitic, and bacterial diseases, all direct public contact with primates
should be avoided. Public contact also places the primates at
considerable risk of contracting diseases from humans.
AZA White Paper on Personal Possession of Non-Human Primates AZA Position (July 2015)
– Personal possession of non-human primates has significant negative
implications for animal welfare and health as well as public health and safety
– The AZA does not support personal possession of non-human primates and
encourages AZA member organizations not to participate in animal acquisition
and transfer activities that may facilitate the personal possession of non-
human primates
– AZA member organizations are increasingly being asked to shelter and
care for non-human primates that have been abandoned or
confiscated from personal possession sources, often leading to ethical
and SSP (Species Survival Plan) sustainability dilemmas
Anthropozoonosis:
A disease of either animals or man that may be
transmitted from 1 species to another
> ie. we can give it to animals
important disease for OWM
- Viral: Herpes B virus (macaques), measles,
Hepatitis A & B, SIV - Bacterial: Mycobacterium spp, enterocolitis
- Parasitic: lung mites (Pneumonyssoides spp), intestinal
(Strongyloides spp, Oesophagostomum spp) - Other: bloat, scurvy, endometriosis, trauma, pneumonia,
undifferentiated diarrhea, hepatic lipidosis
important diseases for NWM
-
Respiratory disease (Klebsiella spp, Pasteurella, spp,
Bordetella spp, etc), metabolic bone disease, dystocia,
undifferentiated diarrhea/wasting, filarid parasites,
Non-conditioned, wild-caught NHPs can carry
significant zoonoses, such as…
– Arbovirus (yellow fever), Ebola virus, Marburg virus
– Meliodosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) – suppurative and caseous lesions in skin and organs
– Monkey pox virus (recent outbreak Summer 2022 – not known to be from NHPs)
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* Rabies virus– may be some NHP-adapted rabies
strains, 20 human cases suspected from marmosets
* HIV-1 – originated from SIV (chimpanzees)
- Herpes B Virus – MHV-1
Herpes B Virus – MHV-1
- what is this? signs? human relevance?
Most important for humans, zoonotic from macaques: can be lethal to humans
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* Naturally occurring
α-herpesvirus of macaques
* Clinical signs: similar to Herpes
simplex I in humans
* Disease generally undetectable
in host or minimal signs
* Shedding may be inapparent
and short-lived
* Infection acquired early in life
(fighting, sexual activity)
* No treatment or vaccination
* Colony monitoring
* SPF colonies
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In humans:
* P.E. Day 10 – sore eye
* P.E. Day 14 – severe headache,
hospitalized
* P.E. Day 15 – antiviral Rx
* P.E. Day 42 – life support discontinued
HBV - Risk Reduction? how bad is it for humans?
- 7-10,000 human exposures
annually in North America - Relative risk of infection is low
- 85% case fatality rate in humans,
survivors consume severe mental
impairment - Rhesus virus vs cynomolgus virus
- BSL-2 PPE without exception in
Canada - Training
- Post-exposure plan
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Required PPE - Head cover
- Coverall
- Latex/nitrile gloves
- Waterproof shoe covers
- Safety glasses or goggles
- Face shield
- NIOSH - approved respirator mask
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Optional equipment - Apron
- PAPR breathing apparatus
- Armlets
- Double layer gloves
Herpes B Virus – MHV-1 - what do we do if we get bitten?
- enveloped virus, susceptible to cleaning out
> clean wound quickly!
Anthropozoonoses - what can we give NHPs? which are of concern?
– Measles
– Tuberculosis
* Hepatitis A and B may be transmitted to and from NHPs
Primates - Measles
- what type of virus?
- signs?
- lesions?
- source?
- prevention?
- Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus) – related to CDV & Rinderpest
- OWM susceptible – usually fatal, NWM relatively resistant
- Signs: rash, facial edema, coughing, dyspnea, often death in 24 h
- Giant cell pneumonia with IN/IB & IC/IB
- Source: human handlers shedding virus
- Vaccinate new intake animals
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp)
- who is resistant?
- more commonly implicated?
- signs?
- testing?
- NWM relatively resistant
- Risk assessment – animal source
- Atypical species more
commonly implicated, ie, M. avium subspp - Clinical signs – respiratory or GI (unthrifty) or none
- Preventative program (human and animal)
- Primagam test (IFN gamma)
Pneumococcal pneumonia
- what agent?
- significance, connection with other diseases?
- signs?
- histo?
- what other agents?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- OWM & NWM: 10 cause of
bacterial pneumonia, meningitis,
septicemia, & conjunctivitis - Death may occur without
prodromal signs - Histo: severe fib/purulent
bronchopneumonia,
leptomeningoencephalitis - Other causes of pneumonia:
Klebsiella pneumoniae (NWM),
Pasteurella spp & Bordetella spp
(NWM)
OWM - Enteric disease - which are important? transmission, signs, treatment?
Fecal agents of concern in primates
include
* Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp, amoebiasis, giardiasis
* Universal enteric precautions
* Fecal-oral exposure
* Inapparent shedding and carriers
* Clinical signs: diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy
* Treatment: supportive, evaluate husbandry, Peptobismal, Sulfasalazine, electrolytes, rarely antibiotics
CFIA Quarantine for primates?
Similar requirements for quarantine before export and on arrival
* Isolated for at least thirty (30) days immediately prior to export
and remain free from signs of communicable diseases.
– negative results for tuberculosis using mammalian old
tuberculin (MOT)
– Faecal testing - negative results by culture for Salmonella,
Shigella and Yersinia, negative for endoparasites
– Prophylaxis for endo- and ectoparasites including anti-
protozoan treatment for two weeks
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Additional precautions for laboratory macaques
* Serology for Herpes B, SIV and other simian retroviruses
* Measles vaccination
Bloat (Acute gastric dilatation)
OWM & NWM
- causes
- acute onset, abdominal
distension
Causes: once a day feedings,
overeating, substrate, recent
anesthesia, diet
Endometriosis macaques
- signs, lesions, tx
- non-specific signs, abdominal
pain - viable endometrium in ectopic
sites
Gross: bumpy cystic lesions
containing brown fluid in peritoneal
cavity, multiple adhesions
Treatment: Lupron, hysterectomy
Stereotypical behaviours of primates
- Body rocking.
- Self-hugging.
- Self-clasping.
- Digit sucking.
- Pacing.
- Circling.
- Head flipping.
- Head rolling/tossing.
- Head weaving.
Self-harm behaviours of primates
- Biting.
- Head banging.
- Eye poking.
- Scratching.
- Excessive / rough hair pulling.
Primates in research
* New World Monkeys
- Cebus, Saimiri, Callithrix
Primates in research
* Old World Monkeys
- Macaca, Chlorocebus, Papio, rarely Pan
Primates in research, uses:
safety testing, vaccines (cell lines),
behavioral, neurophysiology, dentistry,
cardiovascular, cloning, osteoporosis, AIDs,
cancer treatment (conjugated antibodies)
Primates - Considerations for use in
research
- Morality – Great Ape Protection Act, NIH Chimp Task
Force - Difficulty of housing/husbandry requirements
- Psychological well-being
- Safety
- Ecological - source
- $$
- Lifespan
chemical restraint options for primates
Ketamine 10 mg/kg
- Immobilization
- Dysphoria on awakening
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Medetomidine 0.1 mg/kg (Common, combined with ketamine or alone)
- Moderate restraint
- Reversible
- Urination on reversal
main prupose of pole and collar restraint
keep a safe distance between primate and handler
Primates - Diet considerations
- Absolute requirement for Vitamin C in OWM and
NWM - Enrichment and foraging opportunities – critical!
- Obesity
Psychological Well- being considerations for primates
- Social companionship
- Foraging opportunities
- Exploration opportunities
- Express normal movement and resting postures -
including brachiation
main safety concerns with primates
- Size, strength
- Minimal domestication – wild
- Zoonoses and anthropozoonoses
