Small Animal Surgery Ear Flashcards
Blood supply for most of the ear
Caudal auricular artery. Runs towards apex
Collection of blood within the cartilage plate of the ear. Usually accumulates in the concave surface of the ear.
Predisposing factors:
Otodectes-cats
Bacteria- dogs
Capillary fragility from Cushings disease
Aural Hematoma
Goals of aural hematoma correction
Remove blood or clot
Prevent reoccurrence
Retain ear appearance
When is non surgical correction of aural hematomas used
For recent and fluctuated hematomas, and smaller hematomas
When is surgical correction of aural hematomas recommended
Chronic hematomas, harder to remove clots through aspiration, larger hematomas
Non surgical management for aural hematomas
Usually done in first 24 hours.
Use 18g needle and drain. Combine aspiration with IV or local Dexamethasone or methylprednisolone infusion for better outcome.
In ears that stand up make hole closer to skull to allow for drainage, in flopped ears make hole near tip of pinna.
Should repeat procedure for better success rates
Surgical treatment for aural hematoma.
Uses Penrose drain (for 5 days) or Teat cannula (for 3-5 days)
Passive drainage
Surgical treatment for aural hematoma
Uses butterfly catheter secured into the end of the ear and suction can be applied when needed. Promotes adhesion
Active drainage
Surgical treatment for aural hematoma.
Incision types
S shaped gap: 2mm space heals by second intention
Dermal punch: use punch, place multiple mattress sutures to close
Laser: 1mm spaces made throughout pinna, allows for adhesions
When suturing the pinna, this is the most appropriate pattern used
Vertical mattress.
Runs same direction of blood supply to prevent occlusion accidentally.
Plate secured to ear for surgical treatment of aural hematoma. Used after drainage or aspiration of hematoma. Decreases dead space and creates adhesions. Usually left on for 2 weeks
Practice hematoma repair system
If laceration on one skin surface of the pinna…
Heals by second intention of suture. Pinna usually maintains normal position
If laceration of two skin surfaces or cartilage of pinna….
Must do primary closure (vertical mattress usually)
Deep bites used to align cartilage, and superficially bite aligns skin.
Locally invasive tumor. Caused bleeding and cracked non healing wounds on ear margins. Low metastatic rate.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Indication for subtotal or total pinnectomy
Neoplasia, trauma, SCC
Procedure specifics for subtotal or total pinnectomy
Take 1-2cm margins from lesions. Pull skin from convex over cartilage. Close with monofilament suture
Which bulla osteotomy is more common in dogs
Lateral
Which bulla osteotomy is more common in cats
Ventral
Primary causes of otitis externa
Parasites FB Hypersensitivities Keratinization disorders Autoimmune
Indication for lateral ear canal resection
Tumor involving tragus or lateral wall
Disease involving VERTICAL canal only
Improves ventilation, decreased moisture, better access for medicating
When performing a lateral ear canal resection why do you leave the ventral 1/3 of the flap created during surgery?
Decreases suture near stoma
Decreases strictures
Shifts hair bearing skin
Closure of a lateral ear canal resection
Suture epithelium and cartilage to skin, do deepest area first
Single layer closure using 3/0 monofilament
Complications with lateral ear canal resection
Inadequate drainage
Continued otitis externa (underlying disease or concurrent middle ear infection)
DONT DO THIS PROCEDURES IN COCKERS
Indications for a vertical ear canal resection
Hyperplastic otitis involving the vertical canal only.
Neoplasia
Trauma
Procedure is rarely done
What separates the vertical and horizontal ear canal?
This is the level at which you transect for a vertical ear canal resection
Annular ligament
Indications for a TECA with Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
Cercuminous gland adenocarcinoma
Extensive otitis
Failed lateral resection
Middle ear disease
You are a cocker spaniel….
How is a TECA done
T-shaped incision
Dissect around cartilage until you reach the bulla
Avoid the facial nerve
Amputate canal close to auditory meatus
How to perform a lateral bulla osteotomy (dog)
Remove soft tissue from lateral bulla
Avoid stray dissection (This shit is there: Retroglenoid vein, carotid artery, maxillary artery, facial nerve)
Create keyhole with Rongeurs at osseus prominence
Curettage bulla floor for retained epithelium
Irrigate and close
Submit cytology and C/S
Why do you avoid the rostral aspect inside the tympanic bulla during osteotomy?
Sympathetic nerves lie and can initiate horners syndrome
Post op care for TECA Lat. Bulla Osteotomy
Ice pack wound
Multimodal analgesia (local, CRI, opioids)
Antibiotics (7-10 days)
Drains and bandages
(No drain if you remove all epithelium, bandage inhibits ability to clean so might not use)
Damage to the post ganglionic sympathetic fibers
Horners syndrome
Enopthalmos, miosis, ptosis, 3rd eyelid up
Why cant animals hear after TECA BO
Most already have bad hearing from disease
Fibrous tissue fills the bull further diminishing sound transmission through skin
How to correct damage to retroglenoid vein (hemorrhage) during TECA BO
Pack bone with bone wax, vein usually retracts when severed and cant be found.
Life threatening issue
How to treat infection or draining tract after TECA BO
Long term antibiotics, consider tubes
Draining tracts develop due to incomplete removal of affected epithelium
Destructive keratin in the middle ear
Cholesteatoma
How to diagnose otitis media
Examine for other derm diseases
Palpate Lymphnodes
TMJ joint palpation
Neuro exam (facial paralysis, Horners)
Diagnostic method for otitis media, Use general anesthesia. Examine tympanic membrane and malleus. Consider cytology and C/S sample by myringotomy if membrane is intact
Otoscopy
Radiologic findings of otitis media
Loss of air density and thickening of wall
Most sensitive test for detecting otitis media
MRI, detects early disease
Medical management for otitis media
Myringotomy
Irrigating with saline
Topical and systemic non ototoxic antibiotics for 4-6 weeks
Indications for surgical treatment of otitis media
Severe canal stenosis
Tympanic bone infection
Failure of medical management
Significant neurological signs
Surgical management of otitis media in cats
Ventral Bulla Osteotomy (when disease confined to middle ear) and inflammatory polyps
Lateral Bulla Osteotomy: combined with TECA, rare in cats
Non neoplasia, made of inflammatory and epithelial cells. Occur in young cats. Signs based on location
Middle ear polyps
Sites of origin for middle ear polyps in cats
Tympanic bulla, Auditory tube, Nasopharynx
Management of polyps that must be seen through the tympanic membrane. Reoccurrence in 50%
Traction extraction
Commonly done to correct polyps in cats. Done in dorsal recumbancy
Ventral bulla osteotomy
Why are cats more likely to develop horners syndrome
Nerves run superficial in ventromedial area
Usually occurs in the lower lip. can affect either. Caused by shearing trauma.
Labial avulsion.
Avulses along mucogingival line
When correcting lip avulsion, remove this to prevent saliva leaking causing pyoderma
Lip frenulum
Suture reconstruction is effective for these lip avulsions
Maxillary
Mandibular are usually too heavy.
How to correct mandibular lip avulsions
Use needle below gingival margin to pass wire through tissue and through lip. Place button outside mouth to reduce tension. Suture the mucogingival junction closed.
Do not place anything around teeth.
Moist dermatitis just caudal to canine teeth. Causes pain and foul odor.
Occurs in pendulous lipped breeds
Lip fold pyoderma
Treatment for lip fold pyoderma
Wedge resection and tissue moved forward.
Surgical consideration based on breed, lesion size and location (proximity to mucocutaneous junction)
Avoid mucosal inversion. Start suturing at lip margin to avoid step deformity. Figure 8 of suture apposed lip margin well at mucocutaneous junction
Reconstruction option for lip
Labial advancement flap: Come up at fornex and make incision through lip and advance lip comminsure forward
When to use labial rotation flap for reconstruction
When you need to include a lot of oral mucosa and reconstruct inside and outside of lip
Most common location of salivary mucocele in the dog
Sublingual - Monostomatic portion
Salivary glands that share a capsule
Sublingual Monostomatic portion and Mandibular gland
Which salivary gland has two portions
Sublingual : Monostomatic, and Polystomatic (more rostral)
Additional salivary gland in the cat
Molar gland
During physical exam you see fluctuated swelling suspect
Mucocele
During physical exam you see swollen/enlarged salivary gland suspect
Primary gland disorder
Subcutaneous (submucosal) accumulation of saliva within a nonepithelial, nonsecretory lining.
Most common disease of the salivary system in dogs and cats
Soft and non painful
Salivary mucocele
Why would a salivary mucocele become painful?
Acute inflammation or secondary infection
Definitive treatment of salivary mucocele
Removal of associated glands
Conservative treatment for salivary mucocele in high risk patients
Percutaneous aspiration.
Hard to make a difference with this treatment
Treatment for salivary mucocele as a salvage procedure, or in high risk patients
Marsupilaization of Ranula.
Doesnt treat the cause and you are suturing the edge to granulation tissue and it will still heal in no matter the hole. Still might have to remove the gland in the future.
During excision of mandibular and sublingual salivary glands…
Make sure you remove rostral components or mucocele will re form
Incision orientation for removal of mandibular/sublingual salivary gland
Horizontal.
Vertical limits exposure to entire gland. Though it allows access to the parotid gland
Avoid this during salivary gland surgery
Digastricus muscle
Will loose ability to open mouth
Attempt to do this during mucocele surgery to improve visualization
Aspirate the mucocele
Thought to occur as result of trauma to the parotid duct. Treat by ligating allowing for atrophy
Parotid fistula
Most important component of treatment for small animals with solid tumors
Surgery
Useful for diagnosing certain round cell tumor malignancies. Be causous because inflammation can resemble malignancy
Cytology
Imaging of primary tumors is important for
Intracavitary tumors, firm and non-mobile tumors
Gold standard for diagnosis of neoplasia
Biopsy.
Recommended before any definitive treatment is performed for certain tumors.
When taking a biopsy consider
Taking from multiple areas of mass, Sample size, Should contain junction between normal and abnormal tissue
Use when less invasive sampling techniques have not yielded a diagnosis. Does require a second surgical procedure and may contribute to tumor seeding. Should do deep and narrow cut for better closure
Incisional biopsy
Removes tumor along with margin of surrounding normal tissue. Allows removal of smaller non invasive masses (<5mm). Dont do if tumor is too large
Excisional biopsy
When to consider an excisional biopsy
Gingival lesions, lesion known to be benign, lesion too small, treatment would not be altered by tumor type.
Best chance of cure is at first surgery
Use contains the most aggressive of cells within the tumor
Capsule
Type of excision used for lipomas and benign masses. Goal is microscopic disease for malignant lesions
Marginal/Cytoreductive
Excision with removal of 2-3cm normal tissue and 1 fascial place deep.
Should be based on imaging and histopath report from biopsy including: grade, mitotic index, and degree of differentiation
Wide excision
Excision with removal of the entire compartment. Includes amputation and hemipelvectomy
Radical excision
Tumors to be removed with wide excision
Mast cell tumors (high grade) and soft tissue sarcomas (High grade and vaccine associated sarcomas)
Good for use with Mast cell tumors. Can be done on FNS. Done preoperatively and correlates with histopath grading after surgery allowing for surgical planning
Agmor scoring