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RUSVM Small Animal Surgery I > SASx - Anesthesiology Review > Flashcards

SASx - Anesthesiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries are used for direct BP investigation in the horse? (Where would you place your catheter)

A

facial artery, lateral metatarsal

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2
Q

What is the normal TPR for a dog?

A

T = 100.4-102.2, P = 60-120, R = 10-30​

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3
Q

What is the most common site to pull a sample for arterial blood-gas analysis in a sheep?

A

median artery

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4
Q

What flow rate is used during induction with a rebreathing system?

A

high flow (50-100 mL/kg/min)

  • Flow rates - rebreathing system
    • Induction: high flow (50-100 mL/kg/min)
    • Maintenance: semi-closed (20-50 mL/kg/min) or low flow (10-20 mL/kg/min)
    • Recovery: high flow (50-100 mL/kg/min)
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5
Q

What does the P wave of an ECG represent?

A

atrial depolarization

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6
Q

What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

Adequate perfusion of kidneys & viscera requires a SAP of:

A

greater than or equal to 80 mmHg

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8
Q

Define hypoxemia in terms of SpO2 and PaO2:

A

SpO2 < 90% and/or PaO2 < 60 mmHg

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9
Q

How do you calculate minutes of oxygen you have remaining in your E cylinder?

A
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10
Q

Where do you place a doppler on a donkey?

A

coccygeal artery

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11
Q

What breathing circuit is shown here?

A

Mapleson D

  • Mapleson D is a non-rebreathing system (NRS).*
  • You should always use non-rebreathing systems for patients < 3 kg. Non-rebreathing systems are recommended for patients <10 kg, obese animals, and animals that have trouble breathing*
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12
Q

What breathing circuit is shown here?

A

Mapleson F

  • Mapleson F is a non-rebreathing system (NRS) that does not have a pressure gauge to ensure you’re delivering an adequate breath.*
  • You should always use non-rebreathing systems for patients < 3 kg. Non-rebreathing systems are recommended for patients <10 kg, obese animals, and animals that have trouble breathing*
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13
Q

If your patient’s body temperature is below ____˚F, they are considered hypothermic

A

< 96˚F = hypothermia

Below 94°F anesthetic requirements are reduced, recovery may be prolonged, CV function depressed

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14
Q

What is the normal TPR for a cat?

A

T = 101.3-102.2, P = 120-180, R = 20-40

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15
Q

What is your ECG diagnosis in this 7 month old Labrador Retreiver?

A

Ventricular tachycardia

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16
Q

Shown below is a normal capnograph waveform. What is indicated by the red arrow?

A

inspiration

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17
Q

Name 3 monitoring tools that can be used to assess oxygenation:

A
  • Pulse Oximetry
  • Arterial Blood Gas – PaO2
  • MM color
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18
Q

What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent?

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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19
Q

When using doppler for blood pressure measurement, the width of the cuff should be ~_____% circumference of limb

A

30-40%

  • When using doppler for blood pressure measurement, the width of the cuff should be ~30-40% circumference of limb*
  • *Same for all indirect methods**
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20
Q

Identify the arrhythmia.

A

Atrial Flutter

Note the sawtooth pattern on the ECG. This pattern is due to rapid rotary depolarization of the atria

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21
Q

Name 3 monitoring tools for obtaining a patient’s HR:

A
  • Esophageal stethoscope
  • Regular Stethoscope (auscultation)
  • ECG
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22
Q

Where do you place the leads for ECG on a dog?

A
  • White: level of the right elbow
  • Black: level of the left elbow
  • Red: left stifle or abdomen
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23
Q

Minimum FiO2 =

A

35%

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24
Q

Shown below is a normal capnograph waveform. What is indicated by the red arrow?

A

expiratory upstroke

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25
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring oxygen and ventilation in arterial blood?

A

blood gas analyzer​

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26
Q

Doppler is used for reliable detection of ________ blood pressure

A

systolic

Doppler is unreliable for diastolic pressure!

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27
Q

What is the tank cylinder pressure in E and H oxygen tanks?

A

2200 psi

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28
Q

Where do you place the leads for ECG on a horse?

A

Large animals (lead I):

  • White lead: Right jugular furrow
  • Black lead: Ventral midline under apex of heart
  • Red lead: Any site remote from the heart
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29
Q

What is the main difference between the Mapleson D and the Mapleson F?

A
  • *The Mapleson D has a pressure gauge.**
  • The Mapleson F does not.*
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30
Q

What arteries are used for direct BP investigation in the dog? (Where would you place your catheter)

A

femoral, dorsal pedal, palmar digital artery

31
Q

What is the benefit of oscillometric BP measurement over Doppler? What are some limitations?

A
  • Advantage:
    • Oscillometric measures systolic, diastolic, and mean BP
      • ​(Doppler only measures systolic BP)
  • Limitations:
    • Cuff size and movement affect results
    • Less reliable in small animals
    • Measurements take longer
32
Q

How do you calculate remaining oxygen within an ‘E’ Cylinder?

A
33
Q

What is the most common site to pull a sample for arterial blood-gas analysis in a dog?

A

Dorsal Pedal Artery

Other sites include the auricular artery, femoral artery, caudal artery, and lingual artery

34
Q

Identify the tubing system shown below:

A

Universal F

Universal F is used with a rebreathing system

35
Q

What does DAP tell you?

A

coronary perfusion

36
Q

What is the equation you use to calculate proper size of rebreathing bag?

A

Body weight x Tidal volume x 5

  • Normal tidal volume = 10-20 mls/kg
37
Q

What is the normal TPR for a horse?

A

T = 99-101, P = 28-44, R = 8-20

38
Q

What is the minimum flow rate used with non-rebreathing systems?

A

1 L/min

39
Q

This waveform on a capnograph is characteristic for:

A

Expiratory obstruction

40
Q

Are these hoses used with a rebreathing system or a non-rebreathing system?

A

REBREATHING

The hose on top is a Y piece. The one on the bottom is a Universal F

41
Q

What do you note on this ECG?

A

asystole

42
Q

A pulse oximeter reading of 97.5% corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of ~______ mmHg

A

A pulse oximeter reading of 97.5% corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of ~100 mmHg

43
Q

What is this?

A

A cat.

Sitting next to a _pulse oximeter_

  • Monitor for both CV and pulmonary systems
  • Gives us % Hgb saturated with O2
  • Monitors can be placed anywhere the patient has mucous membranes (tongue, lips, pinna, toe webs, vulva, prepuce, etc.)
44
Q

What does the T wave of an ECG represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

45
Q

How many liters of oxygen can fit in an H cylinder?

A

6600 L

46
Q

What does the PR interval of an ECG represent?

A

depolarization of AV node

47
Q

What the heck is going on with this capnograph?

A

cardiac oscillations

the heart is beating against the lungs

48
Q

What is the normal TPR for ovine?

A

T = 102-104, P = 70-90, R = 12-20​

49
Q

Identify.

A

Adjustable Pressure Limiting (APL) Valve​ (aka “pop-off valve”)

  • Limits pressure buildup within the circuit
  • Close to administer a breath
  • ALWAYS keep open unless delivering manual, controlled or assisted ventilation
50
Q

What rebreathing hose is most commonly used in donkey anesthesia?

A

Universal F

51
Q

Identify the arrhythmia. Note the absence of P waves, random R-R intervals, and normal QRS complexes

A

Atrial Fibrillation

  • On physical, the heart sounds are chaotic (“like a 5-year-old playing the drums”)*
  • If the animal has normal heart function and normal ventricular rates, they probably do not require treatment!*
52
Q

This waveform on a capnograph is characteristic for:

A

rebreathing

53
Q

Hypoventilation is defined by PaCO2 > _____ mmHg

A

Hypoventilation is defined by PaCO2 >40mmHg

54
Q

What information does an esophageal stethoscope give you about your patient?

A
  • Heart sounds
  • Heart Rate
  • Heart Rhythm
  • Respiratory sounds
55
Q

Hypotension corresponds to a MAP <____mmHg

A

Hypotension corresponds to a MAP < 60mmHg

56
Q

What arteries are used for direct BP investigation in the sheep and goat? (Where would you place your catheter)

A

median artery, auricular

57
Q

What flow rate is typically used with a non-rebreathing system?

A

200-300 ml/kg/min

  • Throughout the entire procedure*
  • Minimum flow for non-rebreathing = 1 L/min*
58
Q

A pulse oximeter reading of 90% corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of ~______ mmHg

A

A pulse oximeter reading of 90% corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of ~60 mmHg

59
Q

5 causes of hypoxemia… go!

A
  1. ​Decreased FiO2
  2. Hypoventilation
  3. V/Q mismatch
  4. Right to left shunt
  5. DIffusion Impairment
60
Q

Identify the arrhythmia.

A

ventricular fibrillation

61
Q

What is happening in this patient?

A

hypoventilation

62
Q

How does active scavenging differ from passive scavenging?

A
  • Active requires a vacuum collection system with an interface
  • Passive is accomplished by bulk flow & may involve a charcoal absorption canister
63
Q

Where do you place a doppler on a sheep?

A

median artery

64
Q

Shown below is a normal capnograph waveform. What is indicated by the red arrow?

A

end-tidal [CO2]

65
Q

This instrument tells us %Hgb saturated by O2

A

Pulse Oximeter

This monitors both CV & pulmonary systems

66
Q

What is the normal PaO2 range for arterial blood in room air?

A

80 - 110 mmHg

67
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 range for arterial blood?

A

34-45 mmHg

68
Q

What is happening in this patient?

A

hyperventilation

69
Q

What is normal tidal volume (VT) in small animals?

A

10-20 mL/kg

70
Q

How many liters of oxygen can fit in an E cylinder?

A

660 L

71
Q

Why do we assess a patient’s pulse?

A

It is a subjective measure of adequacy of cardiac output and tissue perfusion

72
Q

What rebreathing hose is most commonly used in sheep anesthesia?

A

Y hose

73
Q

What does MAP tell you?

A

organ perfusion

74
Q

Where do you place a doppler on a dog/cat?

A

palmar digital artery

RUSVM Small Animal Surgery I (15 decks)

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