SASx Final Exam - Thoracic/Respiratory Flashcards
Lung lobe torsion is a rare condition resulting in rotation of the lung lobe on its hilus. In what types of dogs do we typically see this?
large, deep chested dogs and pugs
- Large dogs: right middle or left cranial lung lobe
- Pugs: left cranial lung lobe
T/F: When surgically repairing a perineal hernia in an intact male dog, it is recommended to castrate at the time of repair
True
Testosterone may be a predisposing cause for perineal hernias. (Recurrence is 2.7x greater in intact dogs)
This surgical approach to the thoracic cavity allows access to thoracic cavity during celiotomy. It may be used in thoracic duct ligation, surgery of the caudal esophagus, intra-operative CPR/cardiac massage, etc.
transdiaphragmatic
T/F: Radiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of tracheal collapse
False
Tracheoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of tracheal collapse
Radiographs can help rule in or rule out tracheal collapse by showing signs for other causes of cough
When is surgical intervention indicated in the case of tracheal trauma?
- When dyspnea persists or worsens with medical management
- If pneumothorax persists > 2-3 days
- Severe tracheal damage is visible
When performing surgery to repair a hernia, what type of suture is typically used?
Monofilament, prolonged absorbable or non- absorbable suture
PDS or Prolene
T/F: Lung lobectomy (for treatment of lung lobe torsion) is associated with a good prognosis
kind of true?
good prognosis in pugs; fair to guarded for other breeds
What breed of dog is overrepresented in the case of hypoplastic trachea with brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS)?
English bulldog
How do you diagnose chylothorax?
cytologic evaluation of pleural effusion
- Modified transudate, lymphocytic effusion
- Triglycerides in fluid will be higher than in the serum
- Cholesterol in fluid will be lower than in the serum
________ is the most commonly herniated organ
liver
Which component of brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is typically associated with a poorer prognosis?
n/a
There is no single component of BAS associated with poorer outcome
Which of these images shows an actual animal?
Nice job!
For diagnosis of lung lobe torsion, what would you expect to see on thoracocentesis?
serosanguineous or chylous effusion
rarely see evidence of sepsis (bacteria) unless there’s some other secondary problem
What surgical approach is indicated for bilateral thoracic exploration, cranial mediastinal masses, or surgery of the cranial thoracic trachea?
median sternotomy
Important to stay midline with this approach to avoid the internal thoracic arteries on either side of the sternebrae
The major risk associated with nasal surgery is hemorrhage. What arteries should you be aware of in this region?
dorsal, lateral, and major palatine arteries
Other risks and complications include (but are not limited to) flap necrosis, oronasal fistula, dehiscence, stenosis of airways, incomplete resection/local recurrence (for neoplasia)
T/F: Surgery is considered an emergency if the stomach is herniated
True
T/F: The prognosis associated with permanent tracheostomy is generally good for dogs and cats if the underlying disease is a benign process
False
- Prognosis is generally good for dogs if the underlying disease is a benign process.
-
Prognosis is guarded to poor for cats!!
- Mucus plugs very common leading to acute death
- Median survival time ranges from 20-42 days
-
Soft tracheal cartilage may predispose trachea to collapse
- Consider placement of external rings adjacent to tracheostomy site
When anesthetizing patients for diagnosis of brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS), it is important to avoid drugs that affect laryngeal function. Name a few to avoid:
- Ketamine
- Diazepam (and maybe Midazolam)
- Large doses of pure µ agonists
There are many known causes of chylothorax, but ________ is most common
idiopathic
What is the maximum lung mass (%) that can be acutely removed without being fatal?
65%
The treatment of choice for lung lobe torsion is:
lung lobectomy
This is pretty much the only treatment for lung lobe torsion
-
DO NOT untorse the lung!!
- Avoid release of cytokines and endotoxins (reperfusion injury)
A ________ is the protrusion of an organ through a defect in the wall of the anatomical cavity in which it normally lies
hernia
What three surgical procedures are indicated for treatment of chylothorax?
- Thoracic duct ligation
- Cysterna chyli ablation
- Subtotal pericardectomy
All three procedures can be performed concurrently
What is the #1 condition we see affecting the larynx?
laryngeal paralysis
-
Dysfunction/damage to the vagus nerve and its braches (recurrent laryngeal and caudal laryngeal nerves) affecting function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
- Failure of the arytenoid(s) to abduct on inspiration
What types of clinical signs are most commonly seen in patients with chronic diaphragmatic hernias?
respiratory and GI signs
- Dyspnea, exercise intolerance, lethargy
- Vomiting, regurgitation, inappetance
What is the most common component of brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS)?
elongated soft palate
- Results in both inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea (stertor)
-
Extension into rima glottidis
- Severe obstruction
- Loss of protective laryngeal function
- Anything more than 1-2 mm past tip of the epiglottis is TOO LONG
Tracheal collapse is associated with a progressive cough that sounds like:
“goose honk”
Other clinical signs of tracheal collapse include waxing and waning dyspnea, exercise intolerance, cyanosis, and syncope
You have a patient with lung lobe torsion and you’d like to perform a lung lobectomy. You know what lobe is affected, so what surgical approach is indicated?
intercostal thoracotomy
What anesthetic drug is typically used in diagnosis of brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS)?
Propofol
- Can also use Butorphanol or Buprenorphine to lower the amount of Propofol that you have to give.*
- If you’ve gone ahead and given these drugs and they’re still not taking good, deep breaths, you can give a dose of Doxopram to stimulate deep respiration.*
- Be prepared to intubate immediately post-exam!*
Animals with flail chest are at risk for all of the following except:
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusion
- Pericardial Pendulum
- Pulmonary contusion
Pericardial Pendulum
I don’t actually even know if that’s a thing
This abnormality is due to weakness and separation of the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm:
perineal hernia
________ hernias have mesothelials linings. ________ hernias do not have mesothelial linings.
True hernias have mesothelials linings. False hernias do not have mesothelial linings.
This is the most common abdominal hernia:
umbilical hernia
- Most are congenital and inherited (you should not breed these animals)
-
High risk breeds
- Airedale terrier
- Basenji
- Pekignese
- No sex predilection