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Repro / GU > SM_233b: Renal and Urothelial Pathology and Cancer > Flashcards

SM_233b: Renal and Urothelial Pathology and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a normal kidney

A

Kidney

  • Cortex: glomeruli, proximal tubules, distal tubules
  • Medulla: loops of Henle, collecting ducts, renal pelvis and calyces
  • Other components: vessels, connective tissue
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2
Q

This is a ___

A

This is a renal calyx

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3
Q

Describe common renal tumors

A

Renal tumors

  • Benign: oncocytoma, papillary adenoma, angiomyolipoma
  • Malignant: clear cell renal cell carcinoma (most cell), papillary renal cell carcinoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, other tumors
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4
Q

Describe renal oncocytoma

A

Renal oncocytoma

  • Benign
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm (mitochondria)
  • May have nuclear atypia
  • May involve capsule and perinephric fat but still benign
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5
Q

Describe angiomyolipoma

A

Angiomyolipoma

  • Mostly benign tumor composed of vessels, smooth muscles (perivascular epithelial cells), and fat
  • Characteristic appearance on radiology but variants
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6
Q

Papillary adenoma is ____ and ____

A

Papillary adenoma is < 1.5 cm in size and low nuclear grade

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7
Q

Describe renal carcinomas

A

Renal carcinomas

  • Clear cell RCCs have clear cells
  • Papillary RCCs have papillae
  • Chromophobe RCCs have cells that fear color
  • High grade tumors may develop sarcomatoid features
  • RCCs with sarcomatoid features have cells that look like spindle cell sarcoma
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8
Q

This is ____

A

This is low grade clear cell renal cell carcinoma

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9
Q

This is ____

A

This is high grade renal cell carcinoma

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10
Q

Describe Fuhrman grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

A

Fuhrman grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

  • G1: nucleoli not seen
  • G2: nucleoli at high power
  • G3: nucleoli at low power
  • G4: bizarre nuclei
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11
Q

Describe papillary renal cell carcinoma

A

Papillary renal cell carcinoma

  • Type 1 and Type 2
  • High nuclea grade and low nuclear grade
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12
Q

This is ___

A

This is papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1

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13
Q

This is ___

A

This is papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2

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14
Q

This is ___

A

This is papillary renal cell carcinoma mixed type

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15
Q

This is ____

A

This is chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

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16
Q

Describe translocation renal cell carcinoma

A

Translocation renal cell carcinoma

  • Xp11-associated
  • Partners: TFE3 (less rare), TFEB (more rare)
  • Very rare
  • Poor prognosis: rapidly growing so high stage at discovery, does not respond to conventional clear cell RCC chemo, few trials
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17
Q

This is ____

A

This is bladder

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18
Q

Bladder consists of ____, ____, and ____

A

Bladder consists of umbrella cells at the top, basal cells at the bottom, and basement membrane attached to the lamina propria

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19
Q

This is ___

A

This is bladder muscle

20
Q

Cystitis can be ____ or ____

A

Cystitis can be infectious or non-infectious

  • Infectious: BCG, parasite, bacterial, malakoplakia (generally due to chronic E. coli combined with phagocytic defect)
  • Non-infectious: interstitial, polypoid, hemorrhagic (cytotoxic agent such as cyclophosphamide)
21
Q

Describe chronic cystitis and follicular cystitis

A

Chronic cystitis and follicular cystitis

  • Gram negative bacteria (E. coli)
  • Lymphocytic infiltrate (chronic cystitis)
  • When long-standing: formation of follicles with germinal centers (follicular cystitis)
  • Type of bacteria cannot be determined histologically
22
Q

This is ____

A

This is Schistosoma cystitis and malakoplakia

23
Q

Describe BCG cystitis

A

BCG cystitis

  • BCG used as treatment of bladder cancer, particularly CIS
  • Induces granulomatous inflammation (similar to TB)
  • Immunotherapy
24
Q

This is ___

A

This is cystitis glandularis and cystitis cystica

25
Describe the pathologic classification of bladder carcinoma
Pathologic classification of bladder carcinoma * Urothelial carcinoma: flat (carcinoma in situ, invasive), papillary (non-invasive, invasive) * Other primary bladder cancers: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, melanoma
26
These are \_\_\_
These are flat urothelial lesions
27
These are \_\_\_
These are papillary lesions
28
Describe WHO classification of urothelial neoplasms
WHO classification of urothelial neoplasms * Papilloma * Papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential * Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma * High grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
29
This is \_\_\_
This is urothelial papilloma
30
This is \_\_\_
This is low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
31
This is \_\_\_
This is papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
32
This is \_\_\_
This is high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
33
Describe urothelial carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma * Derived from urothelium * May occur in any part of urinary tract including renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra * Most common site is bladder * Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma tends to be more aggressive and more likely to spread to low urinary tract
34
Major risk factors for urothelial carcinoma are ____ and ____ and also ____ in Egypt
Major risk factors for urothelial carcinoma are smoking and pollution and also Schistosoma infection in Egypt
35
Describe urothelial CIS (high grade dysplasia, severe dysplasia)
Urothelial CIS (high grade dysplasia, severe dysplasia) * All high nuclear grade: positive urine cytology * Aggressive disease: may develop into invasive high grade carcinoma in weeks or months without treatment
36
Ureter is ___ with \_\_\_
Ureter is a thin urine conducting tube with muscularis propria
37
This is \_\_\_
This is high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
38
This is \_\_\_
This is urothelial carcinoma in situ
39
This is \_\_\_
This is urothelial carcinoma with pagetoid spread
40
Describe low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma * Most common type of bladder cancer * Papillary growth * Tumor cells with fibrovascular cores * Only \< 10% invasive * Often recur
41
Describe high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma staging
Hgh grade papillary urothelial carcinoma staging * No invasion * Lamina propria invasion / suspicious for invasion * Muscularis propria invasion * Extravesical invasion
42
This is \_\_\_
This is sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma
43
This is \_\_\_
This is micropapillary urothelial carcinoma
44
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is \_\_\_
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is composed entirely of malignant glandular epithelial cells
45
Urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation is \_\_\_
Urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation is presence of both urothelial carcinomas and malignant glandular components
46
This is \_\_\_
This is secondary involvement (metastasis)
47
This is \_\_\_
This is primary small cell carcinoma

Repro / GU (46 decks)

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