Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro / GU > SM_206b: Endocrine Control Female Repro I > Flashcards

SM_206b: Endocrine Control Female Repro I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe reproductive functions

A

Reproductive functions

  • Produce gametes
  • Male: deliver gametes to site of fertilization
  • Female: provide environment for fertilization and fetal growth and nutrients for newborn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe female reproductive anatomy

A

Female reproductive anatomy

  • Ovary: gametes, hormones
  • Fallopian tube: fertilization, early embryo development
  • Uterus: fetal growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual cycle

  • Basis for female human reproduction
  • Coordinated events: ovary (ovulation), uterus (preparation of lining)
  • Monthly (approximately)
  • Day 1 is first day of bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Menstrual cycle involves the ____

A

Menstrual cycle involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH
  3. Ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone
  4. Acts on uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GnRH is produced in ____, secreted in ____, and regulated by ____

A

GnRH is produced in specific hypothalamic neurons, secreted in portal circulation, and regulated by higher brain centers

  • Does not circulate in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) are produced by ____ in ____ and stimulated by ____

A

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) are produced by gonadotrophes in anterior pituitary and stimulated by GnRH

  • Glycoproteins, common alpha subunit (also in hCG and TSH), specific beta subunit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FSH promotes ___

A

FSH promotes follicle development in ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LH supports ____

A

LH supports corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oocytes develop in ___

A

Oocytes develop in follicles

  • Oocyte
  • Granulosa cell: cumuls oophorous
  • Theca
  • Basal lamina: separates theca and granulosa cell, follicle is avascular
  • Zone pellucida: secreted by oocyte, glycoprotein egg shell ,a ntrum filled with follicular fluid and micro-environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Follicular development involves ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____stages

A

Follicular development involves primordial, primary, preantral, antral, and preovulatory stages

  • Primordial (50 uM): primary oocyte (20 uM), flattened granulosa cell
  • Primary: larger oocyte (80 uM), cuboidal granulosa cell, gap junctions form
  • Preantral (200 uM): granulosa cell proliferated, zone pellucida present, theca cells appear
  • Antral (500 uM): follicular fluid -> antrum
  • Pre-ovulatory (2o mm): oocyte (150 uM), granulosa cell differentiates into cumulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe ovarian cycle

A

Ovarian cycle

  1. Many follicles are recruited (make estrogen)
  2. 1 dominant follicle selected (others die)
  3. Dominant follicle releases egg (ovulation)
  4. Corpus luteum develops (make progesterone and estrogen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Corpus luteum is ____

A

Corpus luteum is reorganization of the ovulated follicle

  • Granulosa and theca cells -> luteal cells: produce progesterone and estrogen
  • Basal lamina dissolves: cell types intermingle, blood vessels enter (deliver cholesterol for hormone synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe ovarian steroid production during the menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian steroid production during the menstrual cycle

  • Follicular phase: estrogen increases
  • Luteal phase: estrogen and progesterone produced
  • If no pregnancy: corpus luteum dies -> hormone levels fall
  • Estrogen -> proliferation of the endometrium (uterine lining)
  • Progesterone -> differentiation: glands develop, fill with glycogen (prepare for pregnancy)
  • If not pregnant -> hormones decline: endometrium sheds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Menstrual cycle is divided into phases and consists of ____ cycle and ____ cycle

A

Menstrual cycle is divided into phases and consists of ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ovarian cycle consists of ____, ____, and ____

A

Ovarian cycle consists of

  1. Follicular (10-22 days): development of egg
  2. Ovulatory (36 hours): release of egg
  3. Luteal (14 days): corpus luteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Uterine cycle consists of ____, ____, and ____

A

Uterine cycle consists of proliferative, secretory, and menstruation

  • Proliferative: growth of endometrium
  • Secretory (14 days): differentiate endometrium
    Menstruation (4-5 days): shed endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ovarian steroid hormones are ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Ovarian steroid hormones are cholesterol, progesterone, androgen, and estrogen

  • Cholesterol (27C)
  • Progesterone (21C)
  • Androgen (19C): testosterone, DHEA, androstenedione
  • Estrogen (18C): estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3)
  • Specific enzymes required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aromatase ____

A

Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe ovarian hormone production

A

Ovarian hormone production

  • Theca cells make androgens
  • Granulosa cell makes aromatase to convert androgens to estrogen
  • Antrum increases local estrogen levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin theory of estrogen production

A

2 cell, 2 gonadotropin theory of estrogen production

  1. Theca cells have LH receptors: produce androgens
  2. Androgens diffuse into granulosa cells
  3. Granulosa cells have FSH receptors: produce estrogens
  4. FSH increases aromatase
  5. Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens
  6. BUT granulosa cells get LH receptor later
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____ is gonadal enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis

A

17 B-HSD is gonadal enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

____ and ____ are adrenal enzymes involved in estrogen synthesis

A

21 hydroxylase and 11 B-HSD are adrenal enzymes involved in estrogen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Extra-glandular sex steroid production involves ____ and ____

A

Extra-glandular sex steroid production involves 17 B-HSD and aromatase

  • 17 B-HSD: gonads, other tissues
  • Aromatase: granulosa cells in ovary, brain, adipose (source of most estradiol in men)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dihydrotestosterone is a ____ made at ____

A

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen made at the site of action

  • Little circulates
  • Non-aromatizable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

5 alpha reductase converts ____ to ____

A

5 alpha reductase converts testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone

  • In peripheral tissues
  • Type 1: adults
  • Type 2: fetal life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Estrogen and testosterone are transported through blood primarily ____

A

Estrogen and testosterone are transported through blood primarily bound to SHBG

  • Bound hormones are not biologically active
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

DHEA, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone are transported through blood primarily ____

A

DHEA, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone are transported through blood primarily bound to albumin

  • Bound hormones are not biologically active
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe sex hormone binding globulin

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

  • Glycoprotein
  • Increases with hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, estrogen treatment
  • Decreases with glucocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, GH / IGF-1, insulin
29
Q

GnRH is a ____

A

GnRH is a decapeptide

  • Rapidly degraded by peptidases
  • Stimulates FSH and LSH
  • Precursor is prepro-GnRH
  • GnRH neurons migrate
30
Q

GnRH secretion rises during ___

A

GnRH secretion rises during puberty

31
Q

Describe GnRH secretion during early puberty

A

GnRH secretion during early puberty

  • During sleep: increased GnRH (increased LH and FSH)
  • Increased estrogen: thelarche, female fat, growth, vaginal changes
32
Q

Describe GnRH secretion during later puberty

A

GnRH secretion during later puberty

  • Pulsatile secretion over 24 hours
  • Mid-puberty: menarche (first menstrual period): estrogen stimulates uterine lining proliferation, timing 12.8 years (median)
  • Late puberty: ovulation (release of egg): positive feedback of estrogen develops, mature pattern of GnRH secretion during cycle, usually 6-9 months after menarche
33
Q

Describe GnRH regulation of LH and FSH secretion

A

GnRH regulation of LH and FSH secretion

  • Different pulses: amplitude, frequency
  • High frequency: favors LH-beta
  • Low frequency: favors FSH-beta
  • Continuous pulses: desensitization, decreases FSH and LH
34
Q

Gonadotrope responsiveness requires ____

A

Gonadotrope responsiveness requires pulsatile GnRH

35
Q

Continuous GnRH leads to ____

A

Continuous GnRH leads to desensitization

  • Decreased response with continuous stimulation: uncoupling of receptor and signaling pathway, internalization of receptors
36
Q

GnRH agonist treatment causes ____

A

GnRH agonist treatment causes rise in LH but then a fall

  • GnRH agonist treatment is used for precocious puberty, endometriosis, fibroids, and prostate cancer
  • Complications: osteoporosis, hot flashes, vaginal dryness
37
Q

Gonadotropin regulation depends on ____

A

Gonadotropin regulation depends on appropriate patterns of GnRH pulses

  • Synthesis: glycosylation, assembly, folding
  • Release
38
Q

Describe gonadotropins during menstrual cycle

A

Gonadotropins during menstrual cycle

  • FSH: promote granulosa cell proliferation, induce FSH receptors, induce aromatase -> estrogen, induce LH receptors
  • LH: androgen production, ovulation, supports corpus luteum
39
Q

GnRH pulses ____ during the menstrual cycle

A

GnRH pulses vary during the menstrual cycle

40
Q

Describe negative feedback in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis

A

Negative feedback in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis

  1. Estrogen mostly but also progesterone
  2. Decrease GnRH
  3. Decrease pituitary response
  4. Decreased beta subunits and decreased GnRH receptors
41
Q

Describe positive feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

A

Positive feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

  • Estrogen: sustained high concentrations -> LH surge -> trigger ovulation
  • Progesterone rises pre-ovulation -> increased pituitary response -> increased FSH and LH
42
Q

Ovarian peptide hormones are synthesized in ____ and secreted into ____ for ____ and ____ signaling

A

Ovarian peptide hormones are synthesized in granulosa cell and secreted into follicular fluid for endocrine and paracrine signaling

  • Inhibin
  • Activin
  • Follistatin
43
Q

Inhibin ____

A

Inhibin inhibits FSH

44
Q

Activin ____ and ____

A

Activin stimulates FSH release and augments FSH action in ovary

45
Q

Follistatin ____

A

Follistatin binds to activin to suppress activity

46
Q

Describe inhibin

A

Inhibin

  • Inhibits FSH: blocks synthesis and secretion, reduces GnRH receptors, promotes intracellular degradation of FSH
  • Reciprocal relationship: FSH stimulates inhibin, and inhibin inhibits FSH
  • Inhibin B: increases in follicular phase
  • Inhibin A: stimulated by LH and increases in luteal phase
47
Q

Activin is expressed in ____ and ____ and functions to ____

A

Activin is expressed in pituitary and granulosa cell (secrete into follicular fluid) and augments FSH

  • Increased GnRH receptors in pituitary, increased FSH receptors in ovary
  • Paracrine effects
48
Q

Follistatin ____ by ____

A

Follistatin suppresses FSH by binding to and neutralizing activin

  • Tissue expression: pituitary, granulosa cell
  • Regulation: activin stimulates, inhibin inhibits
49
Q

____ follicle is selected for ovulation

A

One follicle is selected for ovulation

  • Most die by atresia: degenerative process via programmed cell death (apoptosis) in granulosa cell
50
Q

Describe transition from primordial to preantral follicle

A

Primordial to preantral follicle

  • Hormone independent: granulosa cell have no FSH receptors
  • Continues throughout life
  • Most preantral follicles undergo atresia
  • Preantral follicles: granulosa cell expresses FSH receptors
51
Q

Describe preantral follicle

A

Preantral follicle

  • FSH rescues cohort: induces FSH receptors -> greater FSH response, promotes granulosa cell proliferation -> follicle growth, increased aromatase -> increased estrogen
  • FSH plus estrogen is synergistic
52
Q

Describe transition from preantral to antral follicle

A

Preantral to antral follicle

  • Requires FSH: promote granulosa cell proliferation, induce FSH receptors on granulosa cell, increased aromatase so increased estrogen, idnuce LH receptor on granulosa cell
  • Follicle recruitment: continued growth of antral follicles in response to FSH, rescued from atresia by FSH
  • Estrogen -> decreased FSH through negative feedback
53
Q

Describe dominant follicle selection

A

Dominant follicle selection

  • Day 5-7: decreased FSH
  • Most follicles undergo atresia b/c not enough aromatase and androgens build up
  • Dominant follicle has most FSH receptors, can make aromatase, and has LH receptors
54
Q

Describe pre-ovulatory follicle

A

Pre-ovulatory follicle

  • 20 mm in size
  • Large antrum: filled with follicular fluid, microenvironment
  • Granulosa cells differentiate to cumulus cells
55
Q

Describe LH surge

A

LH surge

  • Increased estrogen -> dramatic increase in LH through positive feedback, pattern of estrogen rise is critical
  • Increase pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, increase GnRH receptors
  • Small increase in progesterone augments LH surge
56
Q

Describe ovulation

A

Ovulation

  • LH surge: meiosis resume, cumuls expands, increased prostaglandin synthesis, increased granulosa cell progesterone synthesis
  • Progesteorne: relaxes follicle wall, enhances proteolytic enzymes, FSH surge (increased LH receptors)
57
Q

Ovulation is ____

A

Ovulation is release of oocyte and cumulus from the ovary

58
Q

____ is the yellow body

A

Corpus luteum is the yellow body

59
Q

Corpus luteum formation involves ___

A

Corpus luteum formation involves reorganization of the dominant follicle

  • Granulosa and theca cells -> luteal cells
  • Increased blood supply
60
Q

Corpus luteum produces ____ which prepares and supports the ____

A

Corpus luteum produces progesterone which prepares and supports the endometrium

  • Progesterone peaks 7 days after ovulation
61
Q

Corpus luteum requires ____

A

Corpus luteum requires continued LH secretion

  • Stimulated by GnRH
  • Inhibited by increased progesterone and estrogen
62
Q

Corpus luteum occurs ____ as ____

A

Corpus luteum occurs 14 ± 2 days after LH surge as estrogen and progesterone levels decline

  • Endometrium sheds (menstrual cycle)
  • Pregnancy rescues corpus luteum
63
Q

____ phase is fixed at 14 days, while ____ and ____ phases vary

A

Luteal phase is fixed at 14 days, while menstraul and follicular phases vary

  • Day of ovulation depends on cycle length
64
Q

____ rescues the corpus luteum

A

hCG rescues the corpus luteum

  • hCG supports corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum steroids continues until 10 weeks, critical for early pregnancy, progesterone peaks 8 days after LH surge if not pregnant
  • Placenta: steroidogenesis starts at 7 weeks gestation, hCG is major steroid source is at 10 weeks gestation
65
Q

Describe female reproduction

A

Female reproduction

  • Menstrual cycle: ovary produces gametes, uterus prepares lining for embyro implantation
  • Pregnancy: tube provides environment for fertilization, uterus provides environment for fetal growth
  • Lactation provides nutrients for newborn
66
Q

Menstrual bleeding is in response to ____ and occurs ____

A

Menstrual bleeding is in response to ovulation and occurs 14 days later

67
Q

Birth control pills lead to ___ bleeding

A

Birth control pills lead to hormone withdrawal bleeding

68
Q

Birth control pills contain ____ and ____ to exert ____to ____

A

Birth control pills contain ethinyl estradiol (estrogen) and progestins to exert negative feedback to decrease GnRH

  • Decreases LH and FSH
69
Q

Fertility drugs contain ____ to ____

A

Fertility drugs contain FSH to rescue follicles from atresia

  • Normally FSH decreases at day 5-7 and most follicles undergo atresia

Repro / GU (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions