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SM_206b: Endocrine Control Female Repro I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe reproductive functions

A

Reproductive functions

  • Produce gametes
  • Male: deliver gametes to site of fertilization
  • Female: provide environment for fertilization and fetal growth and nutrients for newborn
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2
Q

Describe female reproductive anatomy

A

Female reproductive anatomy

  • Ovary: gametes, hormones
  • Fallopian tube: fertilization, early embryo development
  • Uterus: fetal growth
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3
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual cycle

  • Basis for female human reproduction
  • Coordinated events: ovary (ovulation), uterus (preparation of lining)
  • Monthly (approximately)
  • Day 1 is first day of bleeding
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4
Q

Menstrual cycle involves the ____

A

Menstrual cycle involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH
  3. Ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone
  4. Acts on uterus
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5
Q

GnRH is produced in ____, secreted in ____, and regulated by ____

A

GnRH is produced in specific hypothalamic neurons, secreted in portal circulation, and regulated by higher brain centers

  • Does not circulate in body
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6
Q

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) are produced by ____ in ____ and stimulated by ____

A

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) are produced by gonadotrophes in anterior pituitary and stimulated by GnRH

  • Glycoproteins, common alpha subunit (also in hCG and TSH), specific beta subunit
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7
Q

FSH promotes ___

A

FSH promotes follicle development in ovary

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8
Q

LH supports ____

A

LH supports corpus luteum

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9
Q

Oocytes develop in ___

A

Oocytes develop in follicles

  • Oocyte
  • Granulosa cell: cumuls oophorous
  • Theca
  • Basal lamina: separates theca and granulosa cell, follicle is avascular
  • Zone pellucida: secreted by oocyte, glycoprotein egg shell ,a ntrum filled with follicular fluid and micro-environment
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10
Q

Follicular development involves ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____stages

A

Follicular development involves primordial, primary, preantral, antral, and preovulatory stages

  • Primordial (50 uM): primary oocyte (20 uM), flattened granulosa cell
  • Primary: larger oocyte (80 uM), cuboidal granulosa cell, gap junctions form
  • Preantral (200 uM): granulosa cell proliferated, zone pellucida present, theca cells appear
  • Antral (500 uM): follicular fluid -> antrum
  • Pre-ovulatory (2o mm): oocyte (150 uM), granulosa cell differentiates into cumulus
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11
Q

Describe ovarian cycle

A

Ovarian cycle

  1. Many follicles are recruited (make estrogen)
  2. 1 dominant follicle selected (others die)
  3. Dominant follicle releases egg (ovulation)
  4. Corpus luteum develops (make progesterone and estrogen)
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12
Q

Corpus luteum is ____

A

Corpus luteum is reorganization of the ovulated follicle

  • Granulosa and theca cells -> luteal cells: produce progesterone and estrogen
  • Basal lamina dissolves: cell types intermingle, blood vessels enter (deliver cholesterol for hormone synthesis)
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13
Q

Describe ovarian steroid production during the menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian steroid production during the menstrual cycle

  • Follicular phase: estrogen increases
  • Luteal phase: estrogen and progesterone produced
  • If no pregnancy: corpus luteum dies -> hormone levels fall
  • Estrogen -> proliferation of the endometrium (uterine lining)
  • Progesterone -> differentiation: glands develop, fill with glycogen (prepare for pregnancy)
  • If not pregnant -> hormones decline: endometrium sheds
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14
Q

Menstrual cycle is divided into phases and consists of ____ cycle and ____ cycle

A

Menstrual cycle is divided into phases and consists of ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

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15
Q

Ovarian cycle consists of ____, ____, and ____

A

Ovarian cycle consists of

  1. Follicular (10-22 days): development of egg
  2. Ovulatory (36 hours): release of egg
  3. Luteal (14 days): corpus luteum
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16
Q

Uterine cycle consists of ____, ____, and ____

A

Uterine cycle consists of proliferative, secretory, and menstruation

  • Proliferative: growth of endometrium
  • Secretory (14 days): differentiate endometrium
    Menstruation (4-5 days): shed endometrium
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17
Q

Ovarian steroid hormones are ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Ovarian steroid hormones are cholesterol, progesterone, androgen, and estrogen

  • Cholesterol (27C)
  • Progesterone (21C)
  • Androgen (19C): testosterone, DHEA, androstenedione
  • Estrogen (18C): estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3)
  • Specific enzymes required
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18
Q

Aromatase ____

A

Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens

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19
Q

Describe ovarian hormone production

A

Ovarian hormone production

  • Theca cells make androgens
  • Granulosa cell makes aromatase to convert androgens to estrogen
  • Antrum increases local estrogen levels
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20
Q

Describe 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin theory of estrogen production

A

2 cell, 2 gonadotropin theory of estrogen production

  1. Theca cells have LH receptors: produce androgens
  2. Androgens diffuse into granulosa cells
  3. Granulosa cells have FSH receptors: produce estrogens
  4. FSH increases aromatase
  5. Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens
  6. BUT granulosa cells get LH receptor later
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21
Q

____ is gonadal enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis

A

17 B-HSD is gonadal enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis

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22
Q

____ and ____ are adrenal enzymes involved in estrogen synthesis

A

21 hydroxylase and 11 B-HSD are adrenal enzymes involved in estrogen synthesis

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23
Q

Extra-glandular sex steroid production involves ____ and ____

A

Extra-glandular sex steroid production involves 17 B-HSD and aromatase

  • 17 B-HSD: gonads, other tissues
  • Aromatase: granulosa cells in ovary, brain, adipose (source of most estradiol in men)
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24
Q

Dihydrotestosterone is a ____ made at ____

A

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen made at the site of action

  • Little circulates
  • Non-aromatizable
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25
5 alpha reductase converts ____ to \_\_\_\_
5 alpha reductase converts testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone * In peripheral tissues * Type 1: adults * Type 2: fetal life
26
Estrogen and testosterone are transported through blood primarily \_\_\_\_
Estrogen and testosterone are transported through blood primarily bound to SHBG * Bound hormones are not biologically active
27
DHEA, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone are transported through blood primarily \_\_\_\_
DHEA, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone are transported through blood primarily bound to albumin * Bound hormones are not biologically active
28
Describe sex hormone binding globulin
Sex hormone binding globulin * Glycoprotein * Increases with hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, estrogen treatment * Decreases with glucocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, GH / IGF-1, insulin
29
GnRH is a \_\_\_\_
GnRH is a decapeptide * Rapidly degraded by peptidases * Stimulates FSH and LSH * Precursor is prepro-GnRH * GnRH neurons migrate
30
GnRH secretion rises during \_\_\_
GnRH secretion rises during puberty
31
Describe GnRH secretion during early puberty
GnRH secretion during early puberty * During sleep: increased GnRH (increased LH and FSH) * Increased estrogen: thelarche, female fat, growth, vaginal changes
32
Describe GnRH secretion during later puberty
GnRH secretion during later puberty * Pulsatile secretion over 24 hours * Mid-puberty: menarche (first menstrual period): estrogen stimulates uterine lining proliferation, timing 12.8 years (median) * Late puberty: ovulation (release of egg): positive feedback of estrogen develops, mature pattern of GnRH secretion during cycle, usually 6-9 months after menarche
33
Describe GnRH regulation of LH and FSH secretion
GnRH regulation of LH and FSH secretion * Different pulses: amplitude, frequency * High frequency: favors LH-beta * Low frequency: favors FSH-beta * Continuous pulses: desensitization, decreases FSH and LH
34
Gonadotrope responsiveness requires \_\_\_\_
Gonadotrope responsiveness requires pulsatile GnRH
35
Continuous GnRH leads to \_\_\_\_
Continuous GnRH leads to desensitization * Decreased response with continuous stimulation: uncoupling of receptor and signaling pathway, internalization of receptors
36
GnRH agonist treatment causes \_\_\_\_
GnRH agonist treatment causes rise in LH but then a fall * GnRH agonist treatment is used for precocious puberty, endometriosis, fibroids, and prostate cancer * Complications: osteoporosis, hot flashes, vaginal dryness
37
Gonadotropin regulation depends on \_\_\_\_
Gonadotropin regulation depends on appropriate patterns of GnRH pulses * Synthesis: glycosylation, assembly, folding * Release
38
Describe gonadotropins during menstrual cycle
Gonadotropins during menstrual cycle * FSH: promote granulosa cell proliferation, induce FSH receptors, induce aromatase -\> estrogen, induce LH receptors * LH: androgen production, ovulation, supports corpus luteum
39
GnRH pulses ____ during the menstrual cycle
GnRH pulses vary during the menstrual cycle
40
Describe negative feedback in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis
Negative feedback in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis 1. Estrogen mostly but also progesterone 2. Decrease GnRH 3. Decrease pituitary response 4. Decreased beta subunits and decreased GnRH receptors
41
Describe positive feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
Positive feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis * Estrogen: sustained high concentrations -\> LH surge -\> trigger ovulation * Progesterone rises pre-ovulation -\> increased pituitary response -\> increased FSH and LH
42
Ovarian peptide hormones are synthesized in ____ and secreted into ____ for ____ and ____ signaling
Ovarian peptide hormones are synthesized in granulosa cell and secreted into follicular fluid for endocrine and paracrine signaling * Inhibin * Activin * Follistatin
43
Inhibin \_\_\_\_
Inhibin inhibits FSH
44
Activin ____ and \_\_\_\_
Activin stimulates FSH release and augments FSH action in ovary
45
Follistatin \_\_\_\_
Follistatin binds to activin to suppress activity
46
Describe inhibin
Inhibin * Inhibits FSH: blocks synthesis and secretion, reduces GnRH receptors, promotes intracellular degradation of FSH * Reciprocal relationship: FSH stimulates inhibin, and inhibin inhibits FSH * Inhibin B: increases in follicular phase * Inhibin A: stimulated by LH and increases in luteal phase
47
Activin is expressed in ____ and ____ and functions to \_\_\_\_
Activin is expressed in pituitary and granulosa cell (secrete into follicular fluid) and augments FSH * Increased GnRH receptors in pituitary, increased FSH receptors in ovary * Paracrine effects
48
Follistatin ____ by \_\_\_\_
Follistatin suppresses FSH by binding to and neutralizing activin * Tissue expression: pituitary, granulosa cell * Regulation: activin stimulates, inhibin inhibits
49
\_\_\_\_ follicle is selected for ovulation
One follicle is selected for ovulation * Most die by atresia: degenerative process via programmed cell death (apoptosis) in granulosa cell
50
Describe transition from primordial to preantral follicle
Primordial to preantral follicle * Hormone independent: granulosa cell have no FSH receptors * Continues throughout life * Most preantral follicles undergo atresia * Preantral follicles: granulosa cell expresses FSH receptors
51
Describe preantral follicle
Preantral follicle * FSH rescues cohort: induces FSH receptors -\> greater FSH response, promotes granulosa cell proliferation -\> follicle growth, increased aromatase -\> increased estrogen * FSH plus estrogen is synergistic
52
Describe transition from preantral to antral follicle
Preantral to antral follicle * Requires FSH: promote granulosa cell proliferation, induce FSH receptors on granulosa cell, increased aromatase so increased estrogen, idnuce LH receptor on granulosa cell * Follicle recruitment: continued growth of antral follicles in response to FSH, rescued from atresia by FSH * Estrogen -\> decreased FSH through negative feedback
53
Describe dominant follicle selection
Dominant follicle selection * Day 5-7: decreased FSH * Most follicles undergo atresia b/c not enough aromatase and androgens build up * Dominant follicle has most FSH receptors, can make aromatase, and has LH receptors
54
Describe pre-ovulatory follicle
Pre-ovulatory follicle * 20 mm in size * Large antrum: filled with follicular fluid, microenvironment * Granulosa cells differentiate to cumulus cells
55
Describe LH surge
LH surge * Increased estrogen -\> dramatic increase in LH through positive feedback, pattern of estrogen rise is critical * Increase pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, increase GnRH receptors * Small increase in progesterone augments LH surge
56
Describe ovulation
Ovulation * LH surge: meiosis resume, cumuls expands, increased prostaglandin synthesis, increased granulosa cell progesterone synthesis * Progesteorne: relaxes follicle wall, enhances proteolytic enzymes, FSH surge (increased LH receptors)
57
Ovulation is \_\_\_\_
Ovulation is release of oocyte and cumulus from the ovary
58
\_\_\_\_ is the yellow body
Corpus luteum is the yellow body
59
Corpus luteum formation involves \_\_\_
Corpus luteum formation involves reorganization of the dominant follicle * Granulosa and theca cells -\> luteal cells * Increased blood supply
60
Corpus luteum produces ____ which prepares and supports the \_\_\_\_
Corpus luteum produces progesterone which prepares and supports the endometrium * Progesterone peaks 7 days after ovulation
61
Corpus luteum requires \_\_\_\_
Corpus luteum requires continued LH secretion * Stimulated by GnRH * Inhibited by increased progesterone and estrogen
62
Corpus luteum occurs ____ as \_\_\_\_
Corpus luteum occurs 14 ± 2 days after LH surge as estrogen and progesterone levels decline * Endometrium sheds (menstrual cycle) * Pregnancy rescues corpus luteum
63
\_\_\_\_ phase is fixed at 14 days, while ____ and ____ phases vary
Luteal phase is fixed at 14 days, while menstraul and follicular phases vary * Day of ovulation depends on cycle length
64
\_\_\_\_ rescues the corpus luteum
hCG rescues the corpus luteum * hCG supports corpus luteum * Corpus luteum steroids continues until 10 weeks, critical for early pregnancy, progesterone peaks 8 days after LH surge if not pregnant * Placenta: steroidogenesis starts at 7 weeks gestation, hCG is major steroid source is at 10 weeks gestation
65
Describe female reproduction
Female reproduction * Menstrual cycle: ovary produces gametes, uterus prepares lining for embyro implantation * Pregnancy: tube provides environment for fertilization, uterus provides environment for fetal growth * Lactation provides nutrients for newborn
66
Menstrual bleeding is in response to ____ and occurs \_\_\_\_
Menstrual bleeding is in response to ovulation and occurs 14 days later
67
Birth control pills lead to ___ bleeding
Birth control pills lead to hormone withdrawal bleeding
68
Birth control pills contain ____ and ____ to exert \_\_\_\_to \_\_\_\_
Birth control pills contain ethinyl estradiol (estrogen) and progestins to exert negative feedback to decrease GnRH * Decreases LH and FSH
69
Fertility drugs contain ____ to \_\_\_\_
Fertility drugs contain FSH to rescue follicles from atresia * Normally FSH decreases at day 5-7 and most follicles undergo atresia

Repro / GU (46 decks)

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