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Pulmonology > SM 183 Lung Cancer > Flashcards

SM 183 Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of lung cancer involves keratin pearls?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

How does early stage Lung Cancer present and how is it detected?

A

Early stage Lung Cancer is often asymptomatic and detected incidentally or via Lung Cancer screening

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3
Q

What are the traits of Adenocarcinoma, with respect to cellular origin, location, and relationship to smoking?

A

Derived from gland cells, may be found centrally or peripherally, and seen in both smokers and non-smokers

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4
Q

Which type of lung cancer involves densely packed blue cells?

A

Small Cell Carcinoma

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5
Q

What are the traits of Small Cell Lung Cancer, with respect to cellular origin, location, and relationship to smoking?

A

Aggressive neuroendocrine tumors, found centrally and occur in smokers, associated with most paraneoplastic syndromes

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6
Q

What is a Pancoast tumor?

A

An apical tumor that causes nerve impingement, with symptoms varying by site of involvement

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7
Q

What is extensive Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Extensive Small Cell lung cancer extends beyond a single hemithorax and anything outside of the chest, cannot be cured

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8
Q

What is Mesothelioma?

A

A pleural cancer that occurs due to Asbestos exposure

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9
Q

What are the two large categories of Lung Cancer?

A

Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer

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10
Q

Which tumors are central?

A

Small cell and Squamous Cell (smoking related)

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11
Q

Can biopsies prove stage of disease?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What questions should be asked when treating a patient for Lung Cancer?

A

What stage is the patient? Is the disease curable or not curable? What can the patient tolerate?

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13
Q

Which tumors are peripheral?

A

Adenocarcinoma (smokers and non-smokers) as well as Large Cell

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14
Q

What type of Lung Cancer are paraneoplastic syndromes associated with?

A

Small cell lung cancer, except for PTHrp, which is associated with Squamous cell lung cancer

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15
Q

What causes horseness in Lung Cancer?

A

Compression of the recurrent Laryngeal nerve by a Lung Cancer

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16
Q

Where can Lung Cancer metastasize to?

A

Lung Cancer can spread to the pleura, bone, brain/spine, and liver

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17
Q

What should be done if metastatic disease is suspected?

A

A biopsy of a distant site should be done if metastatic disease is suspected to confirm diagnosis and stage

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18
Q

What is Miosis?

A

Constricted pupils due to a mass effect from an apical Lung Cancer on a stellate ganglion, seen in Horner’s Syndrome

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19
Q

What is HOA?

A

A paraneoplastic syndrome associated with Lung Cancer that presents as a triad of distal clubbing, arthralgias, and large finger nails

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20
Q

What type of lesion does Lung Cancer produce?

A

A “coin lesion”, but it can look like anything

21
Q

What information is obtained from a lung cancer biopsy?

A

Histology (cell of origin), Molecular Analysis (what is driving the tumor), and PDL1 Analysis (tumor interaction with the immune system)

22
Q

What type of Lung Cancer is this and why?

A

Adenocarcinoma, due to lots of gland cells

23
Q

What is required to diagnose Lung Cancer?

A

Tissue sampling is required to diagnose Lung Cancer

24
Q

How do paraneoplastic syndrome’s manifest in Lung Cancer?

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer involve the ectopic production of hormones, such as ADH, ACT, and PHTrp

25
Q

At what stage will most patients present with Lung Cancer?

A

Most patients with lung cancer present with advanced disease

26
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the US?

A

Lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women

27
Q

What type of Lung Cancer is this and why?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, due to Keratin Pearl

28
Q

What is limited Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Limited Small Cell lung cancer is confined to a single hemithorax

29
Q

What is Small Cell Lung Cancer associated with?

A

Smokers, rapid/aggressive growth, paraneoplastic syndromes (except PTHrp), staged as Limited or Extensive

30
Q

What can paraneoplastic syndromes in Lung Cancer result in?

A

Ectopic production of Hormones and Development of Antibodies

31
Q

What is SVC Syndrome?

A

Occurs when a Lung Cancer obstructs the SVC, leading to facial redness and dilated collateral veins along the chest

32
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome is Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with?

A

PTHrp = Parathyroid Hormone related protein, which causes hypercalcemia and hypophosphatasia

33
Q

What are the main risk factors for Lung Cancer?

A

Tobacco, though environmental factors like asbestos and radiation therapy also plays a role

34
Q

How do we prevent lung cancer?

A

Smoking cessation

35
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Horner’s Syndrome occurs when a Lung Cancer compresses a Stellate Ganglion, leading to constricted pupils, drooping of the upper eyelid, and absence of sweating

36
Q

Where is Adenocarcinoma found?

A

Both centrally and peripherally

37
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of late stage Lung Cancer?

A

Cough, Weight Loss, Dyspnea, Chest Pain, Hemoptysis

38
Q

What type of lung cancer is this and why?

A

Small cell lung cancer, due to small densely packed blue cells

39
Q

What is Anhidrosis?

A

Absence of sweating in the face, due to a mass effect from an apical Lung Cancer on a stellate ganglion, as seen in Horner’s Syndrome

40
Q

What is a Paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome mediated by humoral factors secreted by a tumor itself, or the immune response against a tumor

41
Q

What are the traits of Squamous Cell Carcinoma, with respect to cellular origin, location, and relationship to smoking?

A

Occurs in squamous cells, found centrally near hilum, and occurs primarily in smokers

42
Q

What are the subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma

43
Q

What are Carcinoid tumors?

A

Neuroendocrine tumors that can overproduce Serotonin

44
Q

How does Lung Cancer cause Lambert Eaton?

A

Lung Cancer causes the production of antibodies against presynaptic Cav channels in the synapse, which prevent the release of ACh, as a result of a paraneoplastic syndrome

45
Q

Do all patients with Lung Cancer smoke?

A

Nope, you can get Lung Cancer without ever smoking

46
Q

Is Adenocarcinoma found in smokers or non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma is found in both smokers and non-smokers

47
Q

What paraneoplastic syndromes are found in Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

All of them, except for PTHrp, which occurs in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

48
Q

What is Ptosis?

A

Ptosis is drooping of the upper eyelid due to a mass effect from an apical Lung Cancer on a stellate ganglion, as seen in Horner’s Syndrome

49
Q

What symptoms can a Pancoast tumor cause, and what determines the symptoms?

A

Pancoast tumors can cause shoulder pain, brachial plexus, and Horner’s syndrome

Pulmonology (22 decks)

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