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Pulmonology > SM 181 Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

SM 181 Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 bacteria cause pharyngitis?

A

Strep pyogenes, Chlamyidiea pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, C. diptheriae

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2
Q

Is there a vaccine for C. diptheriae?

A

Yes, the Diptheria toxoid

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3
Q

What 4 bacteria are enterobacteria?

A

E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter

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4
Q

Describe the shape and stain of C. diptheriae?

A

Club shaped Gram positive bacilli

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5
Q

Which respiratory pathogen lacks cell walls?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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6
Q

Describe the shape and staining of Strep pneumo?

A

Gram positive lancet shaped diplococci

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7
Q

What is the effect of diptheria toxin?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis in pharyngeal epithelial cells, leading to necrosis

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8
Q

Where does H. influenzae colonize?

A

H. influenzae infects the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals

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9
Q

How does C. diptheriae present?

A

C. diptheriae presents with pseudomembranes in the airways, sore throat, fever

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10
Q

What are nocosomial pneumonias?

A

HAP’s and VAP’s

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Macrolides (-mycin), tetracycline, and fluorquinolones

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12
Q

Describe the shape and stain of H. influenzae?

A

Small Gram negative coccobacilli

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13
Q

What is the life threatening manifestation of H. influenzae?

A

Epiglotitis

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14
Q

Where does Strep pneuomo colonize?

A

Oropharynx and nasopharynx

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15
Q

What are treatments for Legionella?

A

Azithromycin or ciprofloxacin

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16
Q

What is a community acquired pneumonia?

A

CAP = pneumonia acquired while in the community

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17
Q

How can H. influenzae be diagnosed in ab?

A

Growth on chocolate agar but not sheep blood, because it requires Hemin and NAD to grow

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18
Q

What is the purpose of pneumolysin in Strep pneumo?

A

Degrades Hemoglobin, forms pores in RBC = alpha hemolysis

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19
Q

What are 8 common causes of acute CAP?

A

Strep pneumo, H. flu, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia Pneumo, S. aureus, Legionella, M. catarrhalis, aspiration pneumonia

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20
Q

What disease does Legionella cause?

A

Legionella causes Legionairre’s Disease

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21
Q

How does Strep pneumo show up on culture?

A

Gram positive diplococci in pairs and chains

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22
Q

How does diptheria toxin work?

A

ADP ribosylation of EF-2

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23
Q

How does peptidoglycan contribute to inflammation?

A

Peptidoglycan activates the complement cascade leading to inflammation and tissue damage

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24
Q

Is Strep pneumo optochin susceptible or optochin resistant?

A

Strep pneumo is optochin susceptible

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25
Q

What does aspiration pneumonia look like on CXR?

A

Consolidation in dependent lung fields

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26
Q

What can Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

Pharyngitis, CAP

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27
Q

What laboratory test can detect Strep pneumo?

A

Urinary antigen test

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28
Q

How does Strep pneumo show up on CXR?

A

Lobar infiltrate, and may cause empyema

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29
Q

What are 4 causes of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia?

A

S. aureus, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter

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30
Q

Which strain of H. influenzae can be prevented and how?

A

Type B, via capsular conjugate vaccine (Hib)

31
Q

What is Pseudomonas Aeroginosa?

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli that frequently causes HAP and VAP, with many antibiotic resistances

32
Q

What type of pneumonia does Legionella cause?

A

Atypical community acquired or nocosomial pneumonia with very high fever, associated with water towers

33
Q

What are 3 common causes of chronic CAP?

A

TB, Nocardia, Actinomycines Israelii

34
Q

Describe the shape and stain of Legionella pneumophila?

A

Legionella is an aerobic Gram negative-like bacillus, but does not take up Gram stain

35
Q

What can H. influenzae cause in adults?

A

Bronchitis, CAP

36
Q

How can H. influenzae be treated?

A

Ampicillin if Beta-Lactamase Negative, Cephaolsporins if Beta-lactamase Positive

37
Q

What 5 bacteria can cause acute bronchitis?

A

Strep pneumo, H. influenzae, Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bordatella Pertussis

38
Q

What are predisposing conditions for a Strep pneumo infection?

A

Antecedent viral infection like Influenza, HIV, COPD

39
Q

Describe the shape and stain of Staph Aureus?

A

Gram positive cocci that may have gold appearance

40
Q

Describe the shape and stain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an extracellular pathogen that lacks cell walls and is therefore pleimorphic in shape

41
Q

What can cause typical pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumo, H influenza,

42
Q

What is a ventilator associated pneumonia?

A

VAP = pneumonia that occurs 48+ hours after mechanical ventilation

43
Q

What bacteria causes aspiration pneumonia?

A

Fusobacterium

44
Q

Does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause a typical or an atypical pneumonia?

A

Atypical pneumonia = gradual onset and cough without sputum, “walking pneumonia” is less severe

45
Q

What is the dot locus?

A

Defect in organelle trafficking, specific to Legionella, that is used to prevent phagolysosome fusion in host cells

46
Q

Describe the shape of Chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

Closely related to the STD, causes atypical CAP

47
Q

What is Acinetobacter baumannii?

A

Gram negative aerobic bacillus or coccobaciluus that causes HAP and VAP, with many antibiotic resistances

48
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnosed?

A

Radiographic findings&raquo_space; clinical findings; CXR shows essentially any pattern; also, via specific antibody titers in the blood

49
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Strep pneumo?

A

Historically, Penicillin, but resistance has lead to the use of other antibiotics such as vancomycin and cephalosporin

50
Q

What kind of pneumonias do Staph Aureus cause?

A

CAP and Nocosomial pneumonia

51
Q

How does Strep pneumo present in clinic?

A

Strep pneumo presents with fever, cough with rusty sputum, and diminished respiration/splinting on the affected side

52
Q

How does aspiration pneumonia present?

A

Cough, fever, or foul sputum

53
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordtatella Pertussis via pertussis toxin

54
Q

How is C. diptheriae treated?

A

Macrolides like Erythromycin, Penicillin

55
Q

What can H. influenzae cause in children?

A

Otitus media, sinusitis, meningitis, and pneumonia

56
Q

What are the determinants of pathogenicity for Step pneumo?

A

Capsule (evade Macrophages), pneumolysin (degrades Hgb), peptidoglycan (Gram+), and IgA protease (cleaves IgA)

57
Q

What is the purpose of the capsule of Strep pneumo?

A

Evades macrophages, but a target for antibodies

58
Q

Does Strep pneumo only affect healthy or previously ill people?

A

Both, and can cause pneumonia in both groups

59
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia?

A

A form of pneumonia seen in patients with depressed gag reflex, such as elderly patients and alcoholics actively blacking out

60
Q

How does Strep pneumo spread?

A

Person to person via aerosols, and only affects humans

61
Q

What are the treatments for Chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

Erythromycin and Tetracycline

62
Q

Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae resistant to penicillins?

A

It lacks a cell wall, so penicillins can’t impair cell wall synthesis

63
Q

How is non-MRSA treated?

A

Nafcillin

64
Q

Is Strep pneumo catalase positive or catalase negative?

A

Strep pneumo is catalase negative

65
Q

How does Legionella spread?

A

Infection may spread via aspiration or inhalation of aerosol

66
Q

How does H. influenzae spread?

A

Airborne droplets and direct contact with secretions

67
Q

What is a hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

HAP = pneumonia that occurs 48+ hours after hospitalization

68
Q

What are the two vaccines for Strep pneumo and how are they different?

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine as well as pneumococcoal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine; the polysaccharide-protein conjugate produces specialized T cells and lasting immunity

69
Q

What is the significance of the capsule of H. influenzae?

A

6 types of a polysaccharide capsule, which is antiphagocytic but susceptible to antibodies; capsulated strains of H. influenzae tend to infect children because they have not yet formed antibodies to the capsule

70
Q

What 3 bacteria cause acute sinusitis?

A

Strep pneumo, H. flu, M. catarrhalis

71
Q

What protein is important for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenicity?

A

P1, which allows for extracellular adherence to host cells

72
Q

What distinguishes typical and atypical pneumonia?

A

Typical pneumonia is abrupt, produces sputum, and makes people very ill; atypical pneumonia is gradual in onset, does not produce sputum, and usually mild

73
Q

How is MRSA treated?

A

Vancomycin or Linezolid

74
Q

How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae spread?

A

Person to person via aerosols

Pulmonology (22 decks)

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