SM 151a - Lung Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
Images taken from Dr. Cochard's SM 151a - Lung Anatomy and Histology lecture slides
Which structure is labeled by #4 (outlined in red)?
The lower lobe of the right lung
(This is the right lung)
Which portion of the airway contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings?
Trachea
Where in the airway can you hear lung sounds?
Larger bronchi
In what month of fetal development are alveoli developed to the extent that gas exchange can occur?
6 months
(Gas exchange is possible, but surfactant is not produced by type II pneumocytes until a few weeks after that)
Which structure is arrow #1 pointing to?
Right middle lobe
What cells reduce surface tension in bronchioles?
Club cells
What is an acinus?
The portion of the lung supplied by a terminal bronchiole
Kerley B lines might appear in which portion of the airway?
Bronchioles
Which parts of the conducting airway contain a layer of smooth muscle?
Bronchi
Bronchioles (thick layer of smooth muscle)
Which structure is labeled by arrow #13?
Bronchi
Which structure is labeled by #10?
Pulmonary artery
(This is the right lung)
Which structure is indicated by arrow #6?
Cardiac impression
(This is the right lung)
The red outline surrounds the ______ lobe of the left lung
(labeled by #10)
The red outline surrounds the lower lobe of the left lung
When does lung epithelium begin to differentiate from simple cuboidal epithelium?
During the pseudoglandular period (6-16 weeks)
Which structures are labeled by arrow #7.5?
Pulmonary veins
(lowest structures in the root of the lung)
(This is the right lung)
The costodiaphragmatic recess extends ____ ribs below the lung margins to rib ____ posteriorly and rib ____ anteriorly
The costodiaphragmatic recess extends 2** ribs below the lung margins to rib **12** posteriorly and rib **10 anteriorly
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #3?
Esophagus
(This is the right lung)
What is the highest intercostal space a needle could be inserted laterally into the thorax and miss the lung tissue?
8th
Is the blue outline (#4) indicating the upper or lower lobe of the left lung?
Upper
Which lung is this?
Left lung
What kind of epithelium is found in the bronchi?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What kind of epithelium is found in the trachea?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Where is the most proximal part of the airway in which gas exchange can occur?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which structure is arrow #2 pointing to?
Lingula of the left lung
When is the pseudoglandular period of embryonic lung development?
What is occurring?
6-16 weeks
- Airway resembles an exocrine gland
- Branching to terminal bronchiles
- Epithelium begins to differentiate
- Blood vessels elaborate
When in embryonic development does the laryngeotracheal diverticulum (lung bud) appear?
4-5 weeks
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Pulmonary ligament
(This is the right lung)
Pulmonary arteries bring [oxygenated/deoxygenated] blood to the ___________.
Pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to the alveoli.
In which part of the airway would you find rows of alveoli lining the walls?
Alveolar ducts
What are the most superior structures in the root of each lung?
Pulmonary arteries
Which structure is arrow #5 pointing to?
Right lower lobe
When is the alveolar stage of lung development?
What is occurring?
32 weeks - 8 years
- Alveoli and acni continue to develop
- More generations of airway branching continue
- Only 1/2 of adult alveoli are present at birth
Which structure is labeled by #7 (outlined in purple)?
The middle lobe of the right lung
(This is the right lung)
What is the difference between the hilum and the root of the lung?
The hilum is the location, while the root refers to the structures in the hilum
The x-ray below shows an opaque mass that is obscuring the right margin of the heart (silhouette sign). Where is the mass located?
The middle lobe of the right lung
(a tumor in the lower lobe would be behind the heart)
Each primary bronchus supplies a _________.
Each primary bronchus supplies a lung.
Alveoli are functional at _______ months, but surfactant is not produced until __________.
Alveoli are functional at 6** months, but surfactant is not produced until **a few weeks later.
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics are _____lobular, while the pulmonary artery and airway branches are _____lobular
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics are _inter_lobular, while the pulmonary artery and airway branches are _intra_lobular
Pulmonary veins bring [oxygenated/deoxygenated] blood to the ___________.
Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #1?
Trachea & Esophagus
(This is the left lung)
Each tertiary bronchi supplies a ______________.
Each tertiary bronchi supplies a bronchopulmonary segment.
Which structures are labeled by arrow #7?
Pulmonary veins
(Lowest structures in the root of the lung; this is the left lung)
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #11?
Esophagus
(This is the left lung
What are Kerley B lines?
What is their significance?
Kerley B lines are lighter lines on the lung surface due to dilated lymphatics in the interlobular septa.
They appear on x-rays when there is lymphatic obstruction in the lungs
Describe Type II pneumocytes
Shape:
Function:
Type II pneumocytes
Shape: Round, contian lamellar bodies
Function: Make surfactant, regulate its spreading, modulate immune and allergic response
Lymphatic vessels and nodes from the lung converge on ____________________ and dump into the _________________
Lymphatic vessels and nodes from the lung converge on bronchiomediastinal lymphatic trunks and dump into the veins at the base of the nect
The conducting portion of the airway is from the ___________ to the ____________.
The conducting portion of the airway is from the mouth/nose to the bronchioles.
Which structure is indicated by arrow #8?
Pulmonary ligament
Which structure is labeled by #8 (outlined in blue)?
Upper lobe of the right lung
(This is the right lung)
Which blood vessels follow along with the bronchus?
Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial arteries
Describe the sound you would hear if the alveoli are infected
Silence
(You can’t hear lung sounds in the alveoli because movement of air is via diffusion only)
During the embryonic period, what kind of epithelium is present in the lung bud?
Undifferentiated simple cuboidal
What does the laryngeotracheal diverticulum give rise to?
The larynx, trachea, and lungs
(Laryngeotracheal diverticulum = lung bud)
Which structure is arrow #3 pointing to?
Left lower lobe
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #9?
Superior vena cava
(This is the right lung)
Which structure is arrow #4 pointing to?
Oblique fissures
What makes up a lobule of the lung?
A terminal bronchile and its acnius
(Acnius = the portion of the lung supplied by a terminal bronchiole)
Which structure is labeled by arrow #14?
Pulmonary Artery
(The highest structure in the root of the lung)
What is the smalllest unit of the lung that can be surgically separated?
A bronchopulmonary segment
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #2?
The Azygous vein
(This is the right lung)
The sharp, inferior portionof the lung seen laterally in a PA x-ray is the _____________ .
The sharp, inferior portionof the lung seen laterally in a PA x-ray is the costophrenic angle.
In which part of the airway would you find cartilage plates?
Bronchi
Each secondary bronchus supplies a _________.
Each secondary bronchus supplies a lobe of a lung.
When is the sacular (terminal sac) stage of embryonic lung development?
What is occuring?
26 weeks - birth
Alveolar epithelium differentiates into type I and type II pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes begin to produce surfactant
Bronchial arteries bring [oxygenated/deoxygenated] blood to the ___________.
Pulmonary arteries bring oxygenated blood to the lung stroma.
(To perfuse the lungs)
What kind of cell is indicated by arrow #2?
Type I pneumocyte
If you see alveoli punctuating the lining of the airway, which part of the airway are you in?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli first appear here
In the conducting portion of the airway, movement of air is by ______________.
In the respiratory portion, movement of air is by ______________.
In the conducting portion of the airway, movement of air is by convection.
In the respiratory portion, movement of air is by diffusion.
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #2?
Left subclavian artery
(This is the left lung)
Which structure is indicated by arrow #5?
Cardiac impression
(This is the left lung)
Where in the airway is the first place gas exchange can occur?
Respiratory bronchiole
Which structure is labeled by arrow #6?
Lingula
Which structure is arrow #6 pointing to?
Horizontal fissure of the right lung
What kind of cell is indicated by arrow #1?
Type II pneumocyte
Which lung is this?
Right lung
What is the most distal part of the airway?
Alveolar sac
Which structure is arrow #7 pointing to?
Right upper lobe
What muscle is most responsible for increasing the lung volume of the thoracic cavity during quiet respiration?
The Diaphragm
Describe Type I pneumocytes
Shape:
Function:
Type I pneumocytes
Shape: simple squamous, very thin
Function: make up the air-blood barrier for gas exchange
Which muscles contract during inspiration?
Normal breathing: diaphragm
Forceful breathing: external intercostal muscles
Maximal breathing: Pectoralis major and minor, lower part of the serratus anterior, scalene muscles in the neck
When is the canalicular stage of embryonic lung development?
What is signfiicant about the end of this stage?
16-26 weeks
At 26 weeks, breathing is structurally possible (capillaries are close to the lumen, epithelium at alveoli is very thin), but the lungs do not yet produce surfactant (usually 28 weeks)
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #12?
Aorta
(This is the left lung)
What kind of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?
There is a transition in epithelium from proximal to distal bronchioles
- In the large bronchioles
- Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- In the terminal bronchioles
- Simple cuboidal epithelium with club cells
- No goblet cells, few ciliated cells
The lungs extend inferiorly to rib ____ posteriorly and rib _____ anteriorly
The lungs extend inferiorly to rib 10** posteriorly and rib **8 anteriorly
Which muscles contract during expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles (Rectus abdominus)
Where are the linear opacities of Kerley B lines seen in an x-ray in a person with pulmonary obstruction?
A. Root of the lung
B. Along bronchioles throughout the lung
C. Interlobular septa at the lung periphery
D. Parallel to visceral pleura
E. Along bronchopulmonary segment septae
C. Interlobular septa at the lung periphery
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Bronchi (second degree, lobular bronchi)
(This is the right lung)
Which structure leaves the impression indicated by arrow #3?
Left brachiocephalic vein
(This is the left lung)
In which bronchus is an aspirated object most likley to end up?
The right bronchus - it si shorter and slightly more in line with the trachea
Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood to the lung stroma.
Where does this blood drain after perfusing the lung stroma?
After persfusing the lung stroma, the blood will be deoxygenated.
Most drains into the pulmonary veins, mixing with oxygenated blood from the alveolar capilary bed and dumping into the left atrium.
Some drains into the azygous system and ends up in the right atrium
Which part of the airway has the smallest cross-sectional area?
The largest ?
Smallest = trachea
Largest = alveolar sacs
The area of the airway expands as you move from trachea to alveolar sacs
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
The smallest unit of the lung that can be surgically separated
