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Pulm by Minnie > Pulm Health and Society > Flashcards

Pulm Health and Society Flashcards

1
Q

African Americans are _____ likely to carry the two genes that appear to be associated with the risk of lung cancer

(Despite increased risk of developnig lung cancer)

A

African Americans are less likely to carry the two genes that appear to be associated with the risk of lung cancer

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2
Q

Who should be on a high-dose nicotine patch?

A

Anyone who smokes more than 1/2 a pack of cigarettes/day

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3
Q

Unlimited access to care ___________ racial disparities in survival rates of lung cancer

A

Unlimited access to care completely overcomes racial disparities in survival rates of lung cancer

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4
Q

According to survey data, the 3 most prevalent sympmtoms causing burden for CF patients were….

A

Cough

Shortness of Breath

Lack of Energy

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5
Q

What drug therapies increase risk factors for TB disease?

A
  • TNF antagonist therapy
  • Corticosteroid therapy

Both for acquiring new disease and activating latent TB

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6
Q

How soon before a paitent’s quit date should Varenicline be started?

A

At least 7 days

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7
Q

Is a skin rash a contraindication of use of the nicotine patch?

A

No - can place it elsewhere, or use a different maintenance therapy (Varenicline or Bupropion [Welbutrin])

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8
Q

What is the current median survival of age for CF?

A

48 years old

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9
Q

What factors influence a patient’s self-efficacy?

A

Experience

Modeling

Social persuasion

Psychological factors

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bupropion (aka Wellbutrin)?

A

Blocks neural re-uptake of dopamine and/or norepinephrine

Contraindicated in patients with seizure history

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11
Q

__________ is the most important cofactor in increased risk of tuberculosis infection

A

Malnutrition

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12
Q

Every $100/person spent on social protection to improve living situations is associated with a _____% decrease in TB infection and a ______% decrease in TB mortality

A

Every $100/person spent on social protection to improve living situations is associated with a 1.5%** decrease in TB infection and a **3.1% decrease in TB mortality

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13
Q

When are we most susceptible to bias?

A

When we have less bandwidth

  • High workload
  • Time pressures
  • Fatigue
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14
Q

What are the FDA-approved ad lib agents for tobacco cessation?

A
  • Nicotine gum
  • Nicotine lozenge
  • Nicotine inhaler
  • Nicotine nasal spray
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15
Q

After insurance, a patient with CF can expect to pay ~_________ per year.

A

After insurance, a patient with CF can expect to pay ~ $60,000 per year.

($40,000 for health care + $20,000 for prescriptions)

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16
Q

What is the STAR method for creating a plan to quit smoking?

Which patients will benefit from this plan?

A
  • Set a quit date
  • Tell others
  • Anticipate challenges
  • Remove tobacco products

This is most effective for patients who are ready to quit - they will benefit from abrupt cessation

If patinets are not ready to quit, start nicotine replacement therapy before making a full-fledged quit attempt

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17
Q

Which pharmacologic smoking cessation agent is a nicotinic receptor antagonist?

A

Varenicline

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18
Q

What are the 5 A’s for motivated smokers?

(Motivated = motivated to quit)

A
  • Ask about tobacco use
  • Advise the patient to quit smoking
  • Assess willingness to quit
  • Assist in quit attempt
  • Arrange follow-up
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19
Q

Which population has a higher occurrence of lung cancer than any other racial or ethnic group?

A

Aftrican Americans

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20
Q

Of people with latent TB infections in the United States, who is prioritized for treatment?

A

Everyone

High priority for high-risk persons

  • HIV positive
  • Recent contact with persons with active TB
  • Fibrotic changes on x-ray consistent with old TB
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Healthcare providers
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21
Q

If a patient can successfully quit smoking by using an e-cigarette, do the health benefits outweigh the risks of combustible cigarette use?

A

Yes

It is better to use an e-cigarette for the rest of your life than to smoke cigarettes

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22
Q

Are patients at an increased risk of heart attack if they smoke while using a nicotine patch?

A

No

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23
Q

Cystic fibrosis affects about _________ individuals in the US

A

Cystic fibrosis affects about 30,000 individuals in the US

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24
Q

Which patients who smoke should be offered pharmacotherapy to aid with smoking cessation?

A

All of them

Pharmacotherapy can double or triple quit rates

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25
Q

Which key treatment belief had the most statistically significant effect on adherence to treatment?

  1. Importance of the treatment
  2. Motivation
  3. Self-efficacy
A

c. Self-efficacy

26
Q

How is TB diagnosed in Sub-Saharan Africa?

How is it diagnosed in the United State?

A
  • Sub-Saharan Africa = PCR
    • Subsidized in resource-limited settings
    • Ex: Xpert MTF/RIF
  • Unites States = Sputum smears
    • Although access to rapid PCR diagnosis is expanding
    • Limited at first due to low disease burden
27
Q

Of people with latent TB infections globally, who is the WHO prioritizing for treatment?

A

Children and people living with HIV

28
Q

What social determinants increase one’s risk of TB infection?

A
  • Access to healthcare
  • Crowding
  • Nutritional Status
  • Prisons
  • Housing
  • Coexisting HIV and TB epidemics
29
Q

What are the FDA approved maintenence therapies for tobacco cessation?

A
  • Varenicline
  • Bupropion (Welbutrin)
  • Nicotine patch
30
Q

What is the definition of a healthcare disparity?

A

Racial or ethnic difference in the quality of healthcare that is not due to:

  • Access-related factors
  • Clinical needs
  • Preferences
  • Appropriateness of treatment
31
Q

Is counseling for smoking cessation effective?

A

Yes

Also; it is dose responsive. More counseling = more effective

32
Q

The WHO estimates that _____% of the world population has a latent or active TB infection

A

The WHO estimates that 23% of the world population has a latent or active TB infection

(~1.7 billion people - 1/4 of the world population :| )

33
Q

In order to combat implicit bias, should we promote or suppress our awareness of our own implicit biases?

A

Promote!

Recognizing our own implicit biases gives us the opportunity to enhance conscious efforts to overcome them

34
Q

What is the general approach to pharmacologic tobacco cessation?

A

Maintenence therapy + Ad lib (for situational cravings)

  • Maintenence
    • Varenicline
    • Bupropion (Welbutrin)
    • Nicotine patch
  • Ad lib
    • Nicotine gum
    • Nicotine lozenge
    • Nicotine inhaler
    • Nicotine nasal spray
35
Q

Which 7 countries account for 64% of TB cases?

A
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • China
  • Philippines
  • Pakistan
  • Nigeria
  • South Africa
36
Q

How did the tobacco industry play a role in the current health disparities in lung cancer between African American and non-African American populations?

A

The tobacco companies specifically targeted African American communities with ads for menthol cigarettes

  • Menthol cigarettes are associated with
    • Increased level of addiction
    • Less likely to attempt cessation
    • Longer exposure
37
Q

Will Varenicline increase a patient’s desire to commit suicide?

A

No - People used to think this was true, but it is not

(Patients with neurotropic disease had increased neurotropic effects while quitting smoking on any therapy compared to people without neurotropic disease, but the pharmacologic therapy did not impact the neurotropic effects)

38
Q

Which pharmacoogic smoking cessation agent blocks neural re-uptake of dopamine and/or norepinephrine?

A

Bupropion (aka Wellbutrin)

39
Q

Which populations are at an increased risk of progressing from latent TB to active TB?

A

People with HIV who are not on prophylactic therapy to prevent immune function decline

40
Q

What is the leading infectious disease cause worldwide?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease

41
Q

What are the future needs of TB treatment?

A
  • Raise the social and political profile of TB
  • Point of care testing
  • Enhanced TB treatment programs
  • Increased social protection spending
  • More effective therapies?
  • Vaccines?
42
Q

____________ is the main cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis

A

Respiratory Failure is the main cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis

43
Q

Standard CF treatment regimens include…

A
  • Oral medications
  • Inhaled medications
  • Airway clearance therapy
44
Q

What is the WHO recommended public health approach for TB disease?

A

Directly observed treatment short course

Comprised of:

  • Aggressive case detection
  • Directly observed treatment of ALL cases with standardized treatment
  • Ensure effective drug supply and management, free drugs
  • Accurate monitoring and reporting of cases, cures, relapses, and now drug resistance
  • Political will
45
Q

What contributes to multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB?

How does treatment differ?

A

Poor adherence to treatment and delayed recognition of resistance

Treatment requires multiple second line drugs (usually more toxic) and longer duration

46
Q

How should you approach a patient’s ambivalence to smoking cessation?

A

Normalize ambivalence

Pushing back against it and trying to force the patient to want to quit is typically ineffective

Use the tennants of motivational inteviewing and shared desicion making

47
Q

What factors are contributing to the difference in quality of healthcare between minorities and nonminority?

A
  • Dissimilarities
    • Access to care
    • Clinical need an appropriateness
    • Patient preferences
  • Disparities
    • Healthcares systems
    • Legal regulatory climate
    • Discrimination
      • Biases
      • Stereotyping
      • Uncertainty
48
Q

What is the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States?

A

13.7%

49
Q

What are the 5 strategies to mitigate the effect of implicit bias on care?

A
  • Stereotype replacement
  • Conter-stereotypic imaging
  • Individuation
  • Perspective taking
  • Increasing opportunites for contact
50
Q

What percentage of patients with CF screen positive for depression?

How does this affect treatment?

A

20%

Patients with a positive depression screen are twice as likely to report non-adherence to treatment

51
Q

How soon before a patient’s quit date should Bupropion be started?

A

At least 7 days

52
Q

About _______ million people will become ill

and ______ million people will die from tuberculosis every year

A

About 10 million people will become ill and

1.5 million people will die from tuberculosis every year

53
Q

What are the 4 components of the ATS Lung Corps Plan for Healthy “Equality” in Lung Health?

A
  • Increase awareness
  • Empower healthcare professionals
    • Increase diversity
    • Community engagement
    • Creation and dissemination of tools
  • Shape research agenda
  • Develp and advocate for policies
54
Q

Which smoking cessation agent should be used for maintenence in patients with a history of siezures?

A

Varenicline or nicotine patch

(Bupropion is contraindicated)

55
Q

What are the driving factors contributing to health disparities in lung cancer?

A
  • Tobacco use
  • Preventitive behavior
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Environmental exposures
  • Genetics
  • Access to care
  • Unequal quality of care

Note: although there may be intersectionality of some of these factors with race, race is not the actual driving factor in the health disparity

56
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Varenicline?

A

Varenicline is an antagonist (partial agonist) of the alpha-4-beta-2 subnit of the nicotinic Ach receptor

Varenicline reduces the positive happy feeling that people get from smoking

57
Q

Based on survey results, the mean time performing all treatments for CF was ____ minutes/day

A

Based on survey results, the mean time performing all treatments for CF was 108 minutes/day

58
Q

The WHO estimates that ___% of people living in the United States have a latent or active TB infection

A

The WHO estimates that 4.7% of people living in the United States have a latent or active TB infection

59
Q

What are the side effects of Varenicline?

A

Nausea, insomnia, dose adjustment in renal failure

60
Q

What are the 5 R’s for reluctant smokers?

(Smokers reluctant to quit)

A

Discuss the following with your patient

  • Relevance of tobacco cessation
  • Risks of continued tobacco use
  • Rewards of tobacco cessation
  • Roadblocks to successful cessation
  • Repeat all of the above regularly

Pulm by Minnie (34 decks)

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