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Global Ecology and Biogeography > Slide Set 9 > Flashcards

Slide Set 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 related concepts influencing why some species have very restricted distribution patterns and thus are considered to be endemic?

A
  1. failure to expand beyond place of origin
  2. relict populations and role of refugia
  3. disjunct distributions
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2
Q

neoendemic plant

A
  • failure to disperse very far

- dispersal ability is limited by narrow habitat requirements, and mode of reproduction

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3
Q

what is the case study of tree groundsels

A

each mountain 2 or 3 endemic species found in east africa

  • each group isolated with altitude and distance
  • within each group, different ecological tolerances
  • dispersal between mountains unlikely
  • autochthonous neoendemic species
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4
Q

taxonomic relicts

A

sole survivors of once diverse groups

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5
Q

bio geographic relicts

A

endemic survivors of once wide spread taxa

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6
Q

what is the case study of tuatara?

A

exists on on a small island near the coast of new zealand, is cosnidered to be allochthonous endemic having originated in a location different from where it now survives

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7
Q

Pleistocene glaciations

A

repeated cycles of glaciation, interspersed with warm inter glacial periods in northern hemisphere

  • shifted polar areas by 10-20 degrees
  • reduced in tropics, increased grassland areas
  • obvious effects on N hemisphere
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8
Q

describe pleiostone glaciations in SE asia

A

in past was normal, combination of evergreen forests, open woodland, shrubland, and grasslands when sea levels were lower

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9
Q

what is an example of a climatic relict

A

SE Asian species of termites as indicator for areas where rain forest stayed stable despite glaciation related climate change

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10
Q

Glacial relicts are?

A

cold adapted species whose distribution has been modified by the most recent glacial advances or glacial retreats

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11
Q

post glacial relicts

A

species whose current distributions were driven by climate changes since the last glacial retreat

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12
Q

the longer an area has been isolated the greater the number of endemic species and the _______ the taxonomic rank of its endemics

A

higher

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13
Q

what is the ratite story?

A
  • ratites do not share a common flightless ancestor
  • the putative common ancestor was a ground feeder could run well and also could fly
  • dispersal led to seperate land masses preceeded flightlessness
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14
Q

what is wgeners theory?

A

alfred wagner a meterologist, proposed idea of supercontinent pangea.
- continents were a single land mass during the paleazoic era

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15
Q

what is some modern evidence of pangea?

A
  • convection currents and seafloor spreading

- divergence of africa from south africa during the Jurassic period

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16
Q

describe ridges and trenches

A

submarine volcanic chains, spreading ridges, source of new oceanic crust material
- regions on either side move away from ridge

17
Q
  • mid atlantic ridge responsible for the formation and separation of ___________ from _________
A

s america from africa

18
Q

ridges are ___________

A

interconnected

19
Q

trenches are zones of _________

A

subduction, old material descends into the mantle and is consumed

20
Q

generally ocean floor older than 180 My has been consumed in _______ trenches

A

subduction

21
Q

transform faults

A

other motions of tectonic plates

- plates can rotate past each other

22
Q

tectonic plates ________ continents

A

support

23
Q

plate tectonics

A

continous movement, regeneration and destruction of ocean floor

24
Q

______ ________ move the tectonic plates

A

convection currents

25
Q

___________ in the mantle supplies the energy for convection currents

A

radioactivity

26
Q

describe the cambrian period

A
  • hard shelled marine animals
  • shallow seas and bordering land masses
  • warm climate
27
Q

Devonian period

A

pre pangea

  • age of fishes and freshwater species
  • plants took over land
28
Q

carboniferous period

A

another ice house

  • ice cap at south pole
  • equatorial coal swamps
29
Q

permian and triassic periods

A

pangea supercontinant formed around 300 mya

- role of subduction and role of superplume

30
Q

Paleocene land patterns

A

shallow seas and warm waters, extensive marine life, moderation of climate in centre of continents, tethys ocean, warm equitorial westward current

31
Q

paleocene ocean patterns

A

warm water flows westward around the globe along the equator, warm winds bring moisture to the high arctic, warm currents moderate temperature of antarctic and australia

32
Q

paleocene climate patterns

A
  • Overall, global climate ~60 Mya was much warmer than today
  • Warm temperate climate over most of northern hemisphere
  • Cool temperate climate near the poles
33
Q

oligocene ocean patterns

A
  • Tethys Sea, and great warm equatorial current, have both disappeared
  • Altered currents in the Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific
  • Antarctica encircled by a cold current
34
Q

oligocene climate patterns

A

30 mya, wide arid belts, central asia cooler and drier, increased seasonality in india , antarctica isolated and glaciated

35
Q

miocene land patterns

A

mountain building in western in western N america blocked or deflected westerly winds
- tectonic activity has raised sea levels greater flooding of continental shelves, mediterranean

36
Q

miocene oceanic patterns

A
  • gyres well formed in both north and south atlantic and pacific oceans
  • extensive areas of upwelling and downwelling to form bottom water
  • reduced water flow from eastern pacific into the indian ocean
37
Q

miocene climate patterns

A
  • Cool temperate regions have expanded in northern hemisphere
  • Polar regions are both cold
  • Australia starts to become hotter & drier, especially in west & interior
38
Q

pliocene oceanic patterns

A
  • More extensive regions of downwelling
  • Strengthening of Antarctic current
  • S America approached N America – reducing that oceanic connection

Global Ecology and Biogeography (11 decks)

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