Slide Set 9

Question 1

what are the 3 related concepts influencing why some species have very restricted distribution patterns and thus are considered to be endemic?

Answer 1

1. failure to expand beyond place of origin
2. relict populations and role of refugia
3. disjunct distributions

Question 2

neoendemic plant

Answer 2

• failure to disperse very far

- dispersal ability is limited by narrow habitat requirements, and mode of reproduction

Question 3

what is the case study of tree groundsels

Answer 3

each mountain 2 or 3 endemic species found in east africa

• each group isolated with altitude and distance
• within each group, different ecological tolerances
• dispersal between mountains unlikely
• autochthonous neoendemic species

Question 4

taxonomic relicts

Answer 4

sole survivors of once diverse groups

Question 5

bio geographic relicts

Answer 5

endemic survivors of once wide spread taxa

Question 6

what is the case study of tuatara?

Answer 6

exists on on a small island near the coast of new zealand, is cosnidered to be allochthonous endemic having originated in a location different from where it now survives

Question 7

Pleistocene glaciations

Answer 7

repeated cycles of glaciation, interspersed with warm inter glacial periods in northern hemisphere

• shifted polar areas by 10-20 degrees
• reduced in tropics, increased grassland areas
• obvious effects on N hemisphere

Question 8

describe pleiostone glaciations in SE asia

Answer 8

in past was normal, combination of evergreen forests, open woodland, shrubland, and grasslands when sea levels were lower

Question 9

what is an example of a climatic relict

Answer 9

SE Asian species of termites as indicator for areas where rain forest stayed stable despite glaciation related climate change

Question 10

Glacial relicts are?

Answer 10

cold adapted species whose distribution has been modified by the most recent glacial advances or glacial retreats

Question 11

post glacial relicts

Answer 11

species whose current distributions were driven by climate changes since the last glacial retreat

Question 12

the longer an area has been isolated the greater the number of endemic species and the _______ the taxonomic rank of its endemics

Answer 12

higher

Question 13

what is the ratite story?

Answer 13

• ratites do not share a common flightless ancestor
• the putative common ancestor was a ground feeder could run well and also could fly
• dispersal led to seperate land masses preceeded flightlessness

Question 14

what is wgeners theory?

Answer 14

alfred wagner a meterologist, proposed idea of supercontinent pangea.
- continents were a single land mass during the paleazoic era

Question 15

what is some modern evidence of pangea?

Answer 15

• convection currents and seafloor spreading

- divergence of africa from south africa during the Jurassic period

Question 16

describe ridges and trenches

Answer 16

submarine volcanic chains, spreading ridges, source of new oceanic crust material
- regions on either side move away from ridge

Question 17

• mid atlantic ridge responsible for the formation and separation of ___________ from _________

Answer 17

s america from africa

Question 18

ridges are ___________

Answer 18

interconnected

Question 19

trenches are zones of _________

Answer 19

subduction, old material descends into the mantle and is consumed

Question 20

generally ocean floor older than 180 My has been consumed in _______ trenches

Answer 20

subduction

Question 21

transform faults

Answer 21

other motions of tectonic plates

- plates can rotate past each other

Question 22

tectonic plates ________ continents

Answer 22

support

Question 23

plate tectonics

Answer 23

continous movement, regeneration and destruction of ocean floor

Question 24

______ ________ move the tectonic plates

Answer 24

convection currents

Question 25

___________ in the mantle supplies the energy for convection currents

Answer 25

radioactivity

Question 26

describe the cambrian period

Answer 26

- hard shelled marine animals - shallow seas and bordering land masses - warm climate

Question 27

Devonian period

Answer 27

pre pangea - age of fishes and freshwater species - plants took over land

Question 28

carboniferous period

Answer 28

another ice house - ice cap at south pole - equatorial coal swamps

Question 29

permian and triassic periods

Answer 29

pangea supercontinant formed around 300 mya | - role of subduction and role of superplume

Question 30

Paleocene land patterns

Answer 30

shallow seas and warm waters, extensive marine life, moderation of climate in centre of continents, tethys ocean, warm equitorial westward current

Question 31

paleocene ocean patterns

Answer 31

warm water flows westward around the globe along the equator, warm winds bring moisture to the high arctic, warm currents moderate temperature of antarctic and australia

Question 32

paleocene climate patterns

Answer 32

- Overall, global climate ~60 Mya was much warmer than today - Warm temperate climate over most of northern hemisphere - Cool temperate climate near the poles

Question 33

oligocene ocean patterns

Answer 33

- Tethys Sea, and great warm equatorial current, have both disappeared - Altered currents in the Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific - Antarctica encircled by a cold current

Question 34

oligocene climate patterns

Answer 34

30 mya, wide arid belts, central asia cooler and drier, increased seasonality in india , antarctica isolated and glaciated

Question 35

miocene land patterns

Answer 35

mountain building in western in western N america blocked or deflected westerly winds - tectonic activity has raised sea levels greater flooding of continental shelves, mediterranean

Question 36

miocene oceanic patterns

Answer 36

- gyres well formed in both north and south atlantic and pacific oceans - extensive areas of upwelling and downwelling to form bottom water - reduced water flow from eastern pacific into the indian ocean

Question 37

miocene climate patterns

Answer 37

- Cool temperate regions have expanded in northern hemisphere - Polar regions are both cold - Australia starts to become hotter & drier, especially in west & interior

Question 38

pliocene oceanic patterns

Answer 38

- More extensive regions of downwelling - Strengthening of Antarctic current - S America approached N America – reducing that oceanic connection