Slide Set 3 Flashcards
what does the biological hierarchy consist of?
individuals, populations, communities, species
what is a modular organism?
one that grows by repeated iterations of basic parts or modules
what is intermediate development?
growth characterized by repeated additions
define unitary organism
these have a tightly canalized adult form (all arthropods and vertebrates)
what is determinate development?
limited within certain predetermined constraints (size shape and body plan) according to a developmental pathway to adulthood.
what is a genet?
a unit or group of individuals deriving by asexual reproduction from a single zygote, all individual organisms that make up a genetic individual
what is a ramet?
an individual member of a clone
what are the 3 species concepts?
- morphospecies concept (MSC)
- Biospecies concept (BSC)
- Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)
what is the MSC ?
measurable morphological and phenotypic differences, can be applied to extant and extinct organisms, both sexually and asexual organisms
limitation: cannot be applied to bacteria, fungi or other organisms
what is the BSC?
main criteria is reproductive isolation, interbreeding populations, cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms
what is the PSC?
also called genealogical species concept, main criteria is degree of relatedness, involves erecting a family tree based on character states
monophyly is?
lineages that contain all known decendents of a single common ancestor, involves recognition of derived versus ancestral traits
what is an example of individual variation (beetle)?
there are two types of males; major and minor, in the species onthophagus nigriventris, few if any intermediate types. the major male has a long horn and the minor male has a short stubby horn.
why is variability amongst individuals important?
it means that at least some will have the chance to survive and reproduce amongst a range of conditions
what does the re vegetation program include?
liming, fertilizing, seeding, monitoring. the goal is to control dust emissions to rehabilitate the tailings area
what is an example of reduced variability?
crop conformity, from domestication or selective breeding, industrial agriculture, looses heritage varieties
what is natural reduction in genetic variation?
when populations become very small there is an increases risk that genetic variability within the population will become reduced, remaining individuals are all very similar and potentially at risk for extinction
global trade resulting in a more rabid spread of species to an area where they are not native would be an example of ?
species additions, affecting populations
extinction of native species can occur by what two main things?
directly via competition, or indirectly via habitat alteration
what are three issues at the community level?
- habitat loss
- biological alterations
- physical alterations
habitat loss is linked to ____, ______, ______and ______
agriculture, forestry, industry and urbanization
what does habitat loss affect?
productivity, rates of extinction, fragmentation of remaining habitat, interspecific relations
what are some examples of biological alterations?
changes in land use, intermittent changes, desertification, fish/shrimp farming, climate change
what are some examples of physical alterations?
urbanization, deforestation conversion to agriculture, industrialization, areas affected by warfare, areas affected by renewed development
