Slide Set 3

Question 1

what does the biological hierarchy consist of?

Answer 1

individuals, populations, communities, species

Question 2

what is a modular organism?

Answer 2

one that grows by repeated iterations of basic parts or modules

Question 3

what is intermediate development?

Answer 3

growth characterized by repeated additions

Question 4

define unitary organism

Answer 4

these have a tightly canalized adult form (all arthropods and vertebrates)

Question 5

what is determinate development?

Answer 5

limited within certain predetermined constraints (size shape and body plan) according to a developmental pathway to adulthood.

Question 6

what is a genet?

Answer 6

a unit or group of individuals deriving by asexual reproduction from a single zygote, all individual organisms that make up a genetic individual

Question 7

what is a ramet?

Answer 7

an individual member of a clone

Question 8

what are the 3 species concepts?

Answer 8

1. morphospecies concept (MSC)
2. Biospecies concept (BSC)
3. Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

Question 9

what is the MSC ?

Answer 9

measurable morphological and phenotypic differences, can be applied to extant and extinct organisms, both sexually and asexual organisms
limitation: cannot be applied to bacteria, fungi or other organisms

Question 10

what is the BSC?

Answer 10

main criteria is reproductive isolation, interbreeding populations, cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms

Question 11

what is the PSC?

Answer 11

also called genealogical species concept, main criteria is degree of relatedness, involves erecting a family tree based on character states

Question 12

monophyly is?

Answer 12

lineages that contain all known decendents of a single common ancestor, involves recognition of derived versus ancestral traits

Question 13

what is an example of individual variation (beetle)?

Answer 13

there are two types of males; major and minor, in the species onthophagus nigriventris, few if any intermediate types. the major male has a long horn and the minor male has a short stubby horn.

Question 14

why is variability amongst individuals important?

Answer 14

it means that at least some will have the chance to survive and reproduce amongst a range of conditions

Question 15

what does the re vegetation program include?

Answer 15

liming, fertilizing, seeding, monitoring. the goal is to control dust emissions to rehabilitate the tailings area

Question 16

what is an example of reduced variability?

Answer 16

crop conformity, from domestication or selective breeding, industrial agriculture, looses heritage varieties

Question 17

what is natural reduction in genetic variation?

Answer 17

when populations become very small there is an increases risk that genetic variability within the population will become reduced, remaining individuals are all very similar and potentially at risk for extinction

Question 18

global trade resulting in a more rabid spread of species to an area where they are not native would be an example of ?

Answer 18

species additions, affecting populations

Question 19

extinction of native species can occur by what two main things?

Answer 19

directly via competition, or indirectly via habitat alteration

Question 20

what are three issues at the community level?

Answer 20

1. habitat loss
2. biological alterations
3. physical alterations

Question 21

habitat loss is linked to ____, ______, ______and ______

Answer 21

agriculture, forestry, industry and urbanization

Question 22

what does habitat loss affect?

Answer 22

productivity, rates of extinction, fragmentation of remaining habitat, interspecific relations

Question 23

what are some examples of biological alterations?

Answer 23

changes in land use, intermittent changes, desertification, fish/shrimp farming, climate change

Question 24

what are some examples of physical alterations?

Answer 24

urbanization, deforestation conversion to agriculture, industrialization, areas affected by warfare, areas affected by renewed development

Question 25

what are the 3 physical spheres?

Answer 25

atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere

Question 26

what is the one biotic sphere?

Answer 26

biosphere

Question 27

what does solar energy consist of ?

Answer 27

wing light and temperature

Question 28

what are the 7 components of the hydrosphere?

Answer 28

precipitation, ph, water flow, conductivity, salinity, water chemistry

Question 29

what are the 5 componants of the lithosphere?

Answer 29

slope angles, altitude, soil characteristics, soil oxygen, latitude

Question 30

what is an example of interrelated change?

Answer 30

• the appearance of photosynthetic algae changed all three physical spheres
• increases in oceanic and atmospheric levels of oxygen coincide with emergence of large animals and invasion of land plants

Question 31

what is phytogeography?

Answer 31

maps of patterns in climate and world vegetation

Question 32

adolf angler did what?

Answer 32

drew the first true map of flora (4 realms)

Question 33

what are the 4 realms of flora?

Answer 33

A: northern Extratropical
B: Palaeotropical
C: south American
D: Old ocean

Question 34

todays system of plant regions are ( floristic kingdoms) ?

Answer 34

1. Holarctic
2. Neotropical
3. paleotropical
4. Australian
5. Anartctic
6. Cape

Question 35

what are todays zoogeographic regions?

Answer 35

1. Nearctic
2. Paleartctic
3. Neotropical
4. African
5. Oriental
6. Australian