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Global Ecology and Biogeography > Slide Set 6 > Flashcards

Slide Set 6 Flashcards

1
Q

major factors for global patterns in biotic assemblages include?

A
  • temperature
  • precipitation
  • timing and intensity
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2
Q

plant formations are influenced by ?

A

climate and soil factors

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3
Q

what is a biome?

A

A general scheme to classify ecosystems based on plant types and their associated animals

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4
Q

what is a plant formation?

A

A general scheme used to classify ecosystems based on plant types

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5
Q

whittakers scheme combines both _____ and __________ as governing factors

A

precipiattion and temperature

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6
Q

the climatic envelope was who’s idea?

A

woodwards scheme in 2004

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7
Q

vegetation types?

A
  1. evergreen needleleaf forests
  2. evergreen broadleaf forests
  3. deciduous needle leaf forests
  4. deciduous broadleaf forests
  5. mixed forests
  6. woody savannas
  7. savanna
  8. grasslands
  9. closed shrublands
  10. open shrublands
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8
Q

woodwards scheme is based on 3 criteria?

A

forest, grasslands, shrublands

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9
Q

what are the two classfication systems by life form and function?

A
  1. Dansereau’s System

2. Raunkiaer’s System

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10
Q

describe Dansereau system

A

combines life form, function and leaf structure

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11
Q

describe Raunkiaers system?

A

based on where perennating buds are found on the plant

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12
Q

what are perennating buds?

A

source of tissue for next growing season

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13
Q

what are perennating buds?

A

source of tissue for next growing season

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14
Q

the buds are the most ______ vulnerable part of the plant

A

vulnerable

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15
Q

what are the 7 mjor life forms according to Raunkiar?

A
  1. Phanerophytes
  2. Chamaephytes
  3. Hemicryptophytes
  4. Cryptophytes and Geophytes
  5. Hydrophytes
  6. Therophytes
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16
Q

what is Raunkiaers system’s goal?

A

to create a life-form spectrum for a particular vegetation type or zone, then compare the spectra for the different zones

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17
Q

tropical forests are dominated by __________

A

phanerophytes

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18
Q

Temperate systems dominated by _________

A

hemicryptophytes

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19
Q

Deserts dominated by ________

A

therophytes

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20
Q

forest animals are classified by ___________ habit

A

food

21
Q

what are the 4 foraging techiques?

A
  1. arboreal
  2. Aerial
  3. Scansorial
  4. Ground
22
Q

what is the niche concept?

A

The response of a population of organisms (belonging to a particular species) to the full set of conditions, resources, competitors & predators

23
Q

fundamental niche

A

the full range of conditions and resources that allows a species population to survive and reproduce in the ABSENCE of competitors and predators

24
Q

realized niche

A

the full range of conditions and resources that allows a species population to survive and reproduce in the PRESENCE of competitors and predators

25
Q

the realized niche is almost always _____ than the fundamental niche, it is never bigger

A

smaller

26
Q

the niche of a species can be defined by a number of different __________

A

dimensions

27
Q

hypervolume

A

a niche not limited ot 3 dimensions and involving many more

28
Q

what are 3 main reasons for population fluctuations?

A
  1. recovery after environmental disaster
  2. fluctuation around carrying capacity
  3. repeated episodes of colonization
29
Q

there is a tendancy for ________ ocscillations in predator and prey abundances

A

coupled

30
Q

community

A

An assemblage of individuals of different species that occur together in space and time

31
Q

climax community concept

A

Climax community – one that perpetuates itself indefinitely under prevailing climate and soil conditions – a community that remains stable until disrupted by disturbance

32
Q

succession

A

The process by which the species composition of a community changes over time

33
Q

what was gleasons view of the climax community?

A
  • Individualistic approach
  • Fixed and definite vegetative structures (monoclimaxes) do not exist
  • Specific conditions & random events can alter the course of succession
  • Polyclimax model; mosaic of climax types within a region
34
Q

what was clemensons view of the climax community concept?

A
  • Monoclimax
  • Stable and predictable series of species replacements
  • Deterministic distribution & abundances of species in the monoclimax
35
Q

competitive exclusion principle by garrett hardin

A

complete competitors cannot coexist. This implies that :

  • competitors can not occupy exactly the same niche space
  • to coexist, there must be some difference in the use of resources; that is, there must be differentiation of their niches
36
Q

competitive exclusion principle by gause

A

:if two competing species coexist in a stable environment, they do so because their realized niches are different in some way. This implies that :

– if there is no niche differentiation, then one species must exclude the other

37
Q

what is niche diffrentiation?

A

same species :

Occupation of different niches – by employing different feeding strategies, aided by different morphologies

38
Q

what is the intermediate distrubance hypothesis?

A

**Diversity is enhanced by moderate levels of disturbance (measured in terms of intensity, timing, frequency)

  • Infrequent or low intensity disturbance would allow competitive interactions to play out, resulting in extinctions of poorer competitors, and thus low diversity
  • Frequent or high intensity disturbance would mean that only a few species could colonize and complete their life cycles, resulting in a low diversity community
39
Q

on the scale of disturbance what are the key points?

A

intensity, frequency, timing, and spatial scale of the disturbance

40
Q

coexistance and community divercity can be mediated by?

A
  1. Spatial & temporal heterogeneity
  2. Variation amongst individuals within populations in their competitive ability
  3. Competitive equivalence
  4. Non-equilibrium conditions
41
Q

describe an example of spatial and temporal heterogeneity?

A
  • owls & hawks coexist (both feed on small mammals, but at different times)
  • creepers & warblers coexist (both feed on insects, but on different parts of trees)
  • reduces competition and allows coexistance
42
Q

what is a keystone species?

A
  • A species that exerts strong effects on the structure of the communities in which it is found, despite low abundance or biomass
  • A keystone species is one whose impacts on its community are large, and disproportionate to its relative abundance or total biomass
43
Q

keystone species was defined by whom?

A

robert paine 1960s

44
Q

curent total species count is __________ (eukaryotes only)

A

1.6 million

45
Q

we can estimate species numbers by __________ and ________ well- known groups to less well-known groups

A

extrapolation

correlating

46
Q

extrapolation

A

the action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue or a current method will remain applicable.

47
Q

hawksworths study of estimating species numbers used ________

A

ratios

48
Q

erwins study of estimating species numbers used?

A

spatial ratios and host specificity

Global Ecology and Biogeography (11 decks)

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