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Global Ecology and Biogeography > Slide Set 10 > Flashcards

Slide Set 10 Flashcards

1
Q

general principles of natural selection

A
  • individuals vary some inherited
  • organisms produce more offspring than needed
  • offspring have inherited characteristics to suit environment
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2
Q

three life cycle plans with 1 common thread

A
  • alternation of meiosis

- net effect new characteristics appear

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3
Q

inbreeding in animals leads to ______

A

problems

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4
Q

domestic crops are dominated by what 4 species?

A

wheat, maize, rice, potato

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5
Q

can domestic crops survive in the wild?

A

most would not survive as genetic diversity is very low

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6
Q

smaller islands have a ______ degree of inbreeding

A

greater

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7
Q

parasite load is ______ with degree of inbreedign

A

correlated

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8
Q

innate immunity is ____ in more inbred populations

A

lower

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9
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared with individuals without the trait

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10
Q

describe adaptaion in chili pepper plants

A
  • ability to produce spicy chemical
  • pack rats eat chilies
  • spiciness increases
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11
Q

Acclimation

A

can refer to the changes in the form or behaviour of an individual during its life as a response to environmental stimuli

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12
Q

speciation

A

the process in which two or more contemporaneous species evolve from a single ancestor

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13
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the evoltuionary divergence of monophyletic taxon into a number of very different forms and lifestyles

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14
Q

both ____ and ____ can lead to reduced fitness

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

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15
Q

Prezygotic mechanisms in preventing hybridization includes

A

blockages at different steps that prevent the formation of a zygote in the first

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16
Q

describe prezygotic ecological separation

A

failure to encounter because mating sites are different

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17
Q

temporal separation

A

differences in the timing of fertile periods

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18
Q

describe behavioural separation

A

Darwin’s finches recognize and respond to different songs, by-and-large preventing hybridization

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19
Q

describe prezygotic mechanisms in plants

A

biochemical barriers to the formation of a pollen tube prevents fertilization

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20
Q

Can two independent populations, which appear to be separate species, hybridize when they meet again?

A

depends on time, rate of genetic change and degree of speciation

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21
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of speciation?

A
  1. allopatric speciation
  2. parapatric speciation
  3. sympatric speciation
  4. polyploidy
22
Q

allopatric speciation

A
  • formation of new species that occurs when populations are geographically isolated
  • divergence of populations into separate species as a result of geographic isolation from one another
23
Q

vicariance

A

splitting

24
Q

what is an ex of allopatric speciation via vicariance

A
  • isolation of a continental island by rising sea levels
25
Q

peripatric speciation

A
  • involves jump dispersal
  • few individuals
  • involves peripheral areas that were previously uninhabited
26
Q

founder effect

A

small subset of individuals not necessarily representative of whole original population

  • new pop has different genetic makeup compared to original pop
  • new pop isolated from original and can evolve independently
27
Q

change can happen through ________ processes and ______ events

A

random, chance

28
Q

Hardy-Weinberg probabilities are based on ____ populations

A

infinite populations

29
Q

HWE involves what ratio

A

1:2:1 in small pop

30
Q

the effect of genetic drift is much larger in ___

A

small pop

31
Q

1st senerio of the founder effect

A
  • Random dispersal of a few individuals to peripheral geographically isolated areas
  • Each new population evolves independently
  • divergence to form a new species
32
Q

2nd senerio of the founder effect

A
  • A few individuals colonize a nearby isolated area; these evolve into species
  • A few individuals of species ,colonize the next isolated area; these evolve into species
  • a sequence of temporallyde and spatially isolated founding events
33
Q

describe galapagod tortises

A
  • Original colonization: ~2-3 Mya; most likely on oldest, most easterly island
  • directed by ocean currents
  • different morphological forms
34
Q

describe darwins fiches

A
  • Original colonization ~2-3 Mya; therefore differentiation into separate species is relatively recent
  • 14 species, 5 genera, 6 feeding strategies
  • feed from ground for seeds, beetles in trees, canopy leeaves, foliage for insects
35
Q

parapatric speciation

A

A mode of speciation in which differentiation occurs when two populations have contiguous but narrowly overlapping ranges, often representing two distinct habitat types

36
Q

sympatric speciation

A
  • Speciation that occurs within the area of distribution of the ancestral species
  • The differentiation of two reproductively isolated species from one initial population within the same local area; speciation that occurs under conditions under which much gene flow potentially could or actually does occur
37
Q

does sympatric speciation involve geographic or spatial isolation?

A

no

38
Q

what is the most likely mechanism for sympatric speciation?

A

disruptive selection coupled with assortive mating

39
Q

polyploidy speciation

A

The doubling or multiplication of the whole set of chromosomes with the cells of an organism
- important for organisms that self fertilize, ex plants

40
Q

ecological divergence

A

A meta-analysis – to test notion that increased ecological divergence is associated with increased reproductive isolation

41
Q

microevolution

A

Evolution (change) at the species level, within a single population (microevolution) results from these mechanisms:

  1. Natural selection
  2. Sexual selection
  3. Mutation
  4. Migration
  5. Genetic drift
  6. Restrictions to gene flow
    * changes in gene frequency within a population
42
Q

macroevolution

A

Evolution (change) above the species level (macroevolution):

  1. Focuses on changes in morphological forms in the fossil record
  2. Often forms seem to have long periods of no change (stasis) interspersed with brief periods of rapid change (new species; punctuated equilibrium)
  3. Important patterns are stasis, evidence for character change, speciation, extinction
43
Q

gradualistic macroevoltuion

A

Darwin had proposed that evolution takes place at a steady & gradual rate – this called gradualistic evolution

44
Q

punctuated macroevolution

A

proposed that evolution can be punctuated – long periods of stasis followed by relatively rapid periods of considerable change

45
Q

what are the 2 necessary purposes for classification in biology

A
  1. A system of identifying and naming entities (species, genera and other higher taxonomic levels), both extant and extinct, that mirrors their evolutionary relationships
  2. Recognition and naming of groups of organisms in specific environments, so that the name of the ‘group’ implies a wealth of biotic and abiotic data, as well as the ‘arrangement’ or interactions of the members of the group
46
Q

what did Linnaeus do?

A

devised the system for naming, ranking and classifying organisms still used today

47
Q

parallel evolution

A

independent evolution of similar traits amongst non-related species in response to the same kinds of selection pressures, starting from a similar ancestral condition, similar appearance, homologous structures

48
Q

convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar traits amongst non-related species in response to similar kinds of selection pressures, starting from a very different ancestral condition

  • sharks and dolphins
  • independent evolution of wings and structure similar to wings in insects, birds, bats
49
Q

mimicry is an example of ______ evolution

A

convergent

50
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

different species, all taste bad, and all look alike; the mimics tell the truth

51
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

different species, not necessarily related, one is dangerous (toxic), others are not (the mimics lie!)

Global Ecology and Biogeography (11 decks)

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