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Global Ecology and Biogeography > Slide Set 11 > Flashcards

Slide Set 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 island types?

A
  • continental
  • island acres
  • hotspot islands
  • terrains and accretion
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2
Q

where did continental islands originate?

A
  • part of continental landmass

- formed by rising ocean levels and separated by tectonic processes

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3
Q

describe the origin of island acres

A
  • volcanic activity
  • old ocean rust subducted causing stresses nearby on the overlying plate; volcanic eruptions build new islands that rise above the seafloor
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4
Q

describe origin of hotspot islands and seamounts

A
  • fixed hotspots scattered throughout the earths mantle
  • volcanoes rise from the seafloor, plates move and islands born
  • erosion reduces islands seamounts
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5
Q

describe formation of island chain

A
  • erosion flattens the top of islands and seamounts

- seamounts are islands of biodivercity

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6
Q

seamounts

A

islands of incredible biodiversity, poorly known and being destroyed rapidly

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7
Q

what is the bend in the emperor seamount

A

Hawaiian island chain suggested to be caused by a change in direction of the movement of the pacific plate about 43mya

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8
Q

what are the 3 pacific islands

A
  1. continental (new zealand, new caledonia)
  2. island arc ( the aleutians, the kuriles)
  3. hotspot islands (tuamato ridge, hawaiia islands, archipelago)
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9
Q

describe terrain

A

a small area where geology is different from surrounding regions

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10
Q

describe accreted terrane

A

landmass that originated as an island arc or micro continent that was later added onto a continent or other landmass

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11
Q

describe archipelagos

A

variation in size and degree of isolation among islands

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12
Q

what is the equilibrium theory of island biogeography

A

role of rates of immigration and extinction in controlling species divercity

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13
Q

islands usually have ________ species than comparable mainland areas

A

fewer

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14
Q

often the relative ____________ of species on islands is not the same as in comparable areas on the mainland

A

density

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15
Q

often island densities are _________ than those con specifics on the mainlands

A

higher

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16
Q

what are the patterns in island species composition

A

harmonic and disharmonic

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17
Q

Harmonic biotas

A

balanced species composition similar to mainland

- expected if species are assembled randomly from mainland source pools

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18
Q

dis harmonic biotas

A

unbalanced species composition is different from mainland composition
- expected if non random processes are important

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19
Q

active dispersal

A

flight, ability to cope with seawater

- bats and birds and insects

20
Q

passive dispersal

A

high altitude winds, high velocity winds, ocean currents, hitch hiking
- via spores, fungi, seeds, fruits, egg masses, insects and some vertebrates

21
Q

many island species are _________ rather than specialists

A

generalists

22
Q

why are island species generalists

A
  • role of resource limitations compared to mainland areas, food resources have lower standing stocks and renewal rates
  • organisms that have lower demands are less fussy and have a greater probability of establishing a persisting population
23
Q

island food resources are _________

A

limited

24
Q

what are advantages of being a small bodied generalist

A
  • small animals need less
  • different sources
  • small animals can maintain higher max pop densities
  • such populations are less susceptible to extinction through demographic processes
25
Q

in general the greater the area the _____ the number of species supported

A

greater

26
Q

is island species relationship linear?

A

no, richeness increases less rapidly for larger islands

S=cA^(z)

27
Q

smaller islands have greater rates of __________

A

extinction

28
Q

density overcompensation on small islands is common because?

A

large vertebrates and predators are absent,
absence of cogners (other members of feeding guild), reduced competition, high densities of insects and food resources, surrounding water prevent emigration and immigration

29
Q

what is the island rule for body size?

A

tendency for small animals to become bigger and for big animals to become smaller, seems to apply for most mammals and some birds,snakes and turtles and some marine creatures

30
Q

dwarfism

A

big animals become smaller

31
Q

gigantism

A

normally small animals become bigger, trend seen in herbivores and seed eaters

32
Q

for small animals what are the 3 factors that promote gigantism?

A
  1. immigration selection
  2. intensified transpacific competition
  3. ecological release from large competitors and predators
33
Q

for large animals what are the 3 factors that promote dwarfism?

A
  1. ecological release from predators
  2. intensified intraspecific competition
  3. resource limitation and specialization for insular niches
34
Q

what is diamonds study of non marine resident birds?

A

only islands close to source have close to the expected number of bird species
- greater the distance from source pool the more depaurate the avifauna

35
Q

as distance increases non volant mammal species richness _________ fro islands in the st lawrence

A

decreases

36
Q

islands in the central and eastern pacific have ______ gnerea

A

fewer

37
Q

islands are ________ of species from a source pool of species living on mainland area

A

recipients

38
Q

the number of species received by an island depends on what 3 things?

A
  1. island size
  2. Island distance
  3. the source pool of species and their characteristics (richness and vagility)
39
Q

islands that are far away have _____ rates of immigration than islands that are closer to source pools of species

A

lower

40
Q

larger islands would have _____ rates of extinction, while smaller islands would have ________rates of extinction

A

lower, higher

41
Q

if there is plants present is it ____likely for there to be animals present

A

more

42
Q

MacArthur and Wilson stated

A

distance or isolation affects the rate of immigration, and size affects the rate of extinction
*these control at equilibrium the number of species and the rate at which species turn over

43
Q

two equal sized islands that differ in distance from the source pool have the same __________rates but different _________ rates

A

extinction, immigration

44
Q

two different sized islands would have the same rate of __________ but different rates of ___________ where they would be greater on the smaller island

A

immigration, extinction

45
Q

immigration and extinction are ________ processes

A

independent

Global Ecology and Biogeography (11 decks)

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