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Global Ecology and Biogeography > Slide Set 4 > Flashcards

Slide Set 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 scales to the physical environment and what do they affect?

A
  1. Local (effects on individuals and populations)
  2. regional (effects on populations and species distributions)
  3. global (effects on communities and ecosystems)
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2
Q

local influences on individuals are a matter of life or death because?

A

they affect survival, growth and reproduction of an individual

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3
Q

factors of local influences include what 3 main things?

A
  1. light
  2. temp
  3. chemical conditions (nutrients and toxins)
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4
Q

what are tolerance and optimal conditions?

A

tolerance ( a set of temperature and light conditions that a species can tolerate, outside of which they cannot survive)

optimal ( best combination for them to thrive)

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5
Q

tolerance and optimal conditions can be superimposed on maps to indicate the _______ ________ of a particular type of organism

A

geographic range

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6
Q

a species _____ range can survive but may be at risk of being out competed by other organisms

A

possible

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7
Q

a species _____ range where one might expect the species to be competitively superior to other species with different optima

A

optimal

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8
Q

there will be more of a particular species in an _______ range than in a _______ range

A

optimal, marginal

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9
Q

local light and temperature factors can be scaled up to regional _______ and __________

A

weather and climate

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10
Q

local chemical factors can be scaled up to ____________ ______

A

biogeochemical cycles

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11
Q

what does biogeochemical cycles influence?

A

soil development, nutrient retention, water dynamics

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12
Q

biotic effects can be scaled up from individual and population responses at a habitat scale to ______ and________ responses at a ________ or _______ scale

A

population and species

regional or landscape

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13
Q

what is an ecotone?

A
  • border between two different types of ecosystems
  • a spacial transition from one type of ecosystem to another
  • a zone where two ecosystems overlap
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14
Q

in an _______ you can find species characteristic of _____ ecosystems as well as species found only in the ecotone

A

ecotone, both

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15
Q

what is an example of ecotone?

A
  • mt sentinel montana an ecotone from forest to grassland, covered by woody shrubs
  • Key factor: amount of moisture
  • mangrove marsh in florida everglades, mangrove forest at the edge of the water to saw grass dominated plain
    key factor: rise in sea level
  • freshwater riparian zone
    key factor: soil moisture
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16
Q

the distribution range of saguaro cactus is limited by duration of periods of _____

A

frost, it must thaw each day

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17
Q

northern and eastern distribution limits are closely related to boundaries of what?

A

the sonoran desert

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18
Q

what is the definition of weather?

A

the pattern of light, temperature and precipitation that influences the dynamics of a population

*the pattern must be relevant to the scale of the life histories of the organisms

19
Q

biogeochemical cycles involve what?

A

lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere

ex. nitrogen cycle

20
Q

research at the landscape level includes what ?

A

investigation of the effects of clear cutting on forest dynamics and water quality

21
Q

how was forest dynamics and investigates with clear cutting ?

A

clear cut areas were sprayed with herbacide to prevent regrowth, forested and deforested areas were assesed for nutrient input and output, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium.

22
Q

what were the outcomes fo clear cutting?

A

export of nutrients via streamflow increased dramatically, increased leaching and weathering, transpiration decreased, decomposition decreased

23
Q

how can recovery occur of deforested areas?

A

enhanced if nutrient loss is limited, especially nitrogen and calcium

24
Q

terrestrial systems are dependent on what happens in the soil; including?

A
  • soil formation
  • soil age
  • soil type
25
Q

soil formation includes

CLORPT

A 
Climate
Organisms
Relief/ topography
Parental material
Time
26
Q

higher temperature can ___

___chemical reactions

A

speed up

27
Q

higher amounts of precipitation can cause ________ leaching

A

increased

28
Q

what is the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the soil?

A
  • source of exudates (acids and enzymes)

- physical alterations of the soil

29
Q

what is the role of burrowing animals in the soil?

A

soil mixing

30
Q

topography affects what 4 main things?

A
  1. rate of runoff and erosion
  2. light availability
  3. temperature
  4. plant growth and organic matter accumulation
31
Q

underlying geology and sediment history affects ?

A
  • mineral availability
  • water capacity
  • nutrient movement
  • plant growth and organic matter accumulation
32
Q

age of soils affect?

A

degree of weathering, soil depth, soil fertility

33
Q

types fo soils are based on what 3 things?

A
  1. soil texture, sand, silt, clay
  2. soil structure
  3. soil porosity
34
Q

what is topography?

A

slope and orientation can affect the type of vegetation, animals and organisms

35
Q

aquatic ecosystems are influenced by what 6 factors?

A
  1. landform
  2. energy
  3. water chemistry
  4. water physics
  5. substrates/ sediments
  6. nutrient inputs
36
Q

weather can be scaled up to ______

A

climate

37
Q

have climate celts been static through geological time?

A

no

38
Q

movements of tectonic plates have caused what affects?

A

alterations in ocean basins, ocean currents, patterns in major climate events, and occurrence of climate belts

39
Q

what is the example of axel heiberg island?

A

in the past it was around 18 degrees celcius with lush vegetation, now it is around -16 cold and airid. the forest was subject to major floods and long time scales

40
Q

the earths axis is tilter ______ away from perpendicular?

A

23.5

41
Q

______ _________ drives circulation of the atmosphere

A

solar radiation

42
Q

what is the heating and cooling pattern of the earth?

A

air warmed at 60 N or S rises and moves toward the poles
air cooling at 30 N of S descends then moves over surface back toward equator (Hadkey cells) or towards 60N or S (Ferrel cells)

43
Q

westerlies lie at ________, polar easterlies lie at _________

A

mid latitudes, high latitudes

Global Ecology and Biogeography (11 decks)

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