Slide 1 - Anthropometry Flashcards
Anthropometric measures use a ____ component model to assess body composition.
2
BMI equation is
KG / M^2
To measure a circumference of mid thigh, what are two main anatomical references to look at
Inguinal crease and proximal border of patella
Femoral epicondyles are the anatomical mark/reference point to measure the circumference of knee.
False
Bony breadth on knee is measured with a client sitting and a knee flexed to 90 degree, and apply caliper blades firmly on lateral and medial femoral epicondyles.
True
If you know your anthropometric measures such as body age/weight/height, diameter measure of bi-iliac region, circumference measures from abdomen 2, lower abdomen, hip and knee, you can predict our percent body fat regardless of sex.
True
DXA scanner passes two different x-ray low and high photon energies through the body
True
DXA technology is based on the principle that the attenuation, or weakening, of x-ray energies varies based on the type of tissue (e.g., fat, muscle, and bone)
True
DXA measures which of the following except
Differential fat (e.g., visceral fat and subcutaneous fat separately)
Using iDXA from our lab, we can identify the android and gynoid type of body fat distribution
True
DXA uses a 4 component model because it can measure bone mineral content
False
Like hydrostatic weighing, DXA estimated % body fat by determining the density of the whole body
False
Changes in hydration of 1 kg can affect the accuracy of measurement
False
The total amount of radiation through whole body DXA scan is 10 x greater than the daily background radiation
False
What is Physical activity
Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles
It results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure
What is exercise
Type of physical activity
Consists of:
Planned
Structured
Repetitive bodily movement
In order to maintain or improve components of physical fitness
What is Physical fitness
A set of characteristics individuals achieve that ability to perform physical activity
What is the purpose of body composition
Estimating body composition for those at risk of under fat and over fat
Formulating recommendations for nutritional exercise programming
Estimating competitive weight/body composition for athletes
Monitoring growth development and aging
What does body composition assessment measure
The relative amounts of: Muscle Fat Bone And other vital parts of the body
What is the human body made up of
Water
Bone
Fat
Fat-free mass
What is Fat-free mass broken up into
Muscle
Organs
Blood
How much essential fat for males and females
What is it
Males = 3%
Females = 12%
Necessary to sustain life
What is non essential fat
What does it include
Storage fat = used for energy
Includes:
Intermuscular, intramuscular, visceral and subcutaneous
What are the 5 basic functions of fat
Insulation Protection Energy srouce Energy storage Vitamin storage
What is the MAIN function of fat
For hormones and brain
What is a direct way of obtaining body composition
How accurate
Cadavers
Most accurate but impractical
What is a indirect way of obtaining body composition
How accurate
DXA = gold standard
Anthropometric
Densitometric
Other techniques
Less valid, gives an ESTIMATE
What is the gold standard of body composition testing
DXA
What is anthropometric broken into
Skinfolds
Circumferences
BMI
What is densitometric broken into
Hydrostatic weighing
Air displacement
What are the other techniques of measuring body composition
Bioelectrical impedence
Hydrometry
How many components does our body have
What is the problem with this
4 components
Cant measure all 4 components at once
How many components and what components does DXA measure
3 Components
Body weight =
Fat (1)
Lean (2)
Bone (3)
How many components does hydrostatic and air displacement measure
What components
2 components
Body weight =
Fat (1)
Fat-Free Mass (2)
What can we use to measure all 4 components
DXA + hydrometry
What do we have to measure to be able to:
Calculate Body density
Calculate Fat-free mass
Estimate % body fat
Assess Body Composition
Height
Weight
Circumference
Diameters
How many cm in an inch
2.54
How many inches in a foot
12
How many lbs in a kg
2.2
What is the problem with BMI
Limited ability to accurately classify body fatness
Not accurate for people with large musculoskeletal system relative to height
Does not reflect differences in growth rate of muscle and bone in children or loss in adults
What should we define obesity as
Excess body FAT relative to body weight
How is BMI applied
Clinical practice for weight categories and risk of morbidity and mortalitity
Public health for general correlation
What is each classification number for BMI
Underweight = < 18.5
Normal = 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight = 25.0 - 29.9
Obesity = > 30
What are the 3 different types of obesity and what are their classification numbers
Class 1 = moderately obese = 30 - 34.9
Class 2 = severely obese = 35 - 39.9
Class 3 = very severely obese = > 40
What is BMI used to determine
associated with…
Health risks
Mortality rates
… excessive body weight
When does BMI data suggest a disease risk
What other time does it suggest a disease risk
Excess of 25 BMI
Below 18.5 BMI
When taking circumferences and diameters what effects the measurements
Fat tissue
Muscle mass
Skeletal size
What is used to measure obese individuals estimated body fatness
It is more accurate than…
Equations using only circumferences
More accurate than skinfolds
What does circumferences and diameter allow us to ESTIMATE
% Body fat
What do waist circumferences more accurately measure
What is it not influenced by
Visceral fat
Central fat
Abdominal obesity
Not greatly influenced by age, gender, height, degree of overall fatness
Android fat is referred to as
More common in
Associated with
Apple
Men
Higher chronic disease risk
Gynoid fat is referred to as
More common in
Associated with
Pear
Women
Lower chronic disease risk
What does waist to hip ratio circumferences look to assess
Regional fat distribution
upper vs lower body
What are the limitations of waist hip ratio circumferences
Affected by menopausal status
Not valid for pre pubertal children
Hip circumference influenced by subcutaneuous fat
Waist circumference influenced by subcutaneous and visceral fat
May not accurately detect changes in visceral fat
Diameters measure
Used to classify
Measure bony width or breadth
Frame size
What should we make sure to do when taking diameters
Place on bony landmarks
Apply firm pressure and until measurement no longer decreases
What side of the body do we measure from
Right side
What is the minimum for measurements
2-3 measurements in ROTATIONAL ORDER
Smaller measurements should be within
Larger measurements should be within
- 2 cm
0. 5 cm
What is the acceptable error for body fat
What is the acceptable error for fat-free mass in males and females
+ or - 3.5% body fat
< 3,5kg in males
2.8 kg in females
QUIZ QUESTION:
We are not _______ body composition
Because…
MEASURING
WE CANNOT DIRECTLY MEASURE IT
