Sleep WEEK 4 Flashcards
What purpose does sleep serve?
Restore and repair brain tissue, consolidate memories, help us physically grow, creative thinking, problem solving, protective (out of harms way for the night)
Stages Of Sleep
1-4 Non REM (Stage 3 and 4 slow wave sleep or Delta sleep)
States Of Sleep
REM and Non REM
Cycle through the stages
approx every 90mins
A newborn typically sleeps —% of a 24day
70% (and typically results in 450-500 hours of sleep lost for parents)
Australians sleep an average of
8hrs a day
We currentky sleep, on average ….hr less per night than we did 100 years ago
1.5hrs
The hormone associated with preparing the body for sleep
Melatonin
As people tend to get olde they require more or less sleep?
Sleep
Too much or lack of sleep is reported to
increase risk of death or ill health
Young adults sleeping less than 5 hours of sleep a night triple their chances of developing
mental illness
The cycle of sleep and waking in humans and other animals, like the ebb and flow of body temperature,
hormones and other life support processes, is a
circadian rhythm.
Etymology of circadian rythym
Latin, circa, meaning ‘about’, and diem, meaning ‘day’
cyclical biological process that evolved aroundthe daily cycles of light and dark.
Circadian Rhythm
controlled largely by the hypothalamus but are influenced by light and
dark.
Human circadian rhythms are
What controls human circadian rhythms, and how are they influenced by light and dark?
primarily by the hypothalamus, and influenced by light and dark.
What hormone does the pineal gland produce, and how does it affect the body?
melatonin during periods of darkness.
Long-term sleep
deprivation reduces the functioning of the
Immune system
Rats deprived of sleep die after (time)
2 or 3 weeks
Research suggests that ——- is associated with impaired immune and motor function and psychological problems such as memory and attention deficits.
sleep deprivation
This neurotransmitter plays an inhibitory role in the brain, shutting down
the systems that normally lead to arousal and hence fostering sleep when awake
too long.
adenosine
inability to sleep, affects
virtually everyone at some point, but for some people it is a chronic problem.
Insomnia
Second most medical complaint
Insomnia
Almost 10 percent of australians admit to taking this measure, of that 10 percent a third of them do this nightly
Use Sleeping tablets
What can happen when using sleeping pills?
Using sleeping pills can lead to more trouble sleeping rather than less. This is because the person may become dependent on them, or the brain can develop a tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same sleep-inducing effect
People spend how much of their life asleep?
One Third - 25 years
The sleep cycle is governed by
Circadian rhythms
sleep appears to be involved in
restoration and maintenance of bodily processes such as homoeostasis, immune functioning and consolidation of memory
as people move from a waking
state through deeper stages of sleep, their brainwaves become …(speed)
slower and more rhythmic
normal waking brain activity has an irregular pattern with a high mental activity
level, evidenced in a large number of cycles per second known as …. (waves)
beta waves
As people close their eyes and relax, signalling a slowing of mental activity and a transition into sleep, would display (Waves)
alpha waves
Beta Waves
Alert Awake
Theta Waves
Stage 1 sleep, brief (only a few minutes), marked by slower theta waves
In which sleep stage do Physiological changes shift from drowsiness into sleep as eye movements slow,muscles relax and blood pressure drops, bringing the body into a calm, quiet state.
Stage 1 (Theta Waves)
Which sleep stage is marked by an EEG pattern of slightly larger waves interrupted by bursts of low amplitude
activity (called sleep spindles) and slow, high-amplitude waves called K-complexes
Stage 2 (During stage 2, sleep deepens, as alpha activity disappears.)
When delta waves comprise
more than 50 percent of recorded brain activity, the person has entered stage …..
stage 4 sleep.
What stage sleep is marked by some large, slow, rhythmic delta waves, but less than 50% delta waves
Stage 3 sleep
Together, stages 3 and 4 constitute what is called
delta sleep
Delta Sleep comprises of which 2 stages
Stage 3 and 4 sleep
a deep sleep characterised by relaxed muscles,decreased rate of respiration and slightly lower body temperature.
Delta Sleep (Stage 4)
People aroused from this sleep wave are
groggy and disoriented. During this sleep state, muscles apparently rest and rejuvenate, since people deprived
of it frequently complain of muscle aches and tension.
delta sleep
Delta sleep or Stage 3 and 4 are followed by which sleep stage
REM sleep
What happens after Delta sleep in the sleep cycle?
After Delta sleep, there is a qualitatively different stage called (REM) sleep in which the eyes begin to dart around, This stage occurs after a reversal of sleep stages from Stage 4 through Stages 3 and 2.
stages 1
to 4 are often collectively called
non-REM (NREM)
What happens to the body during REM sleep?
uring REM sleep, autonomic activity increases, leading to quicker pulse and blood pressure, faster and irregular respiration. Both males and females may exhibit signs of sexual arousal that can last for several minutes. However, muscle movement is largely “turned off” during this stage, resulting in temporary muscle paralysis or atonia.
The EEG during REM sleep resembles the irregular, faster pattern of
waking life, suggesting that, although the body is not moving, the brain is quite active.
The mental activity that occurs during REM sleep is
dreaming (Dreaming also occurs during NREM sleep, but less frequently)
PET studies find that the pons, thalamus
and amygdala, are active during REM sleep Visual association as well as areas in the occipital and temporal lobes, which are active when people form mental images and identify objects, what has been found to not be active?
the primary visual cortex
dreams are often highly emotional because the ……. is very active
amygdala is very active
dreamers can uncritically accept bizarre story lines — because the …….. involved in critical thinking and social judgement are shut off during dreaming.
frontal circuits
After a period of REM sleep, the person descends again through stage 2 and on to
delta sleep.
A complete cycle of REM and NREM sleep occurs about every
90 minutes (However, as
the night progresses, the person spends less of the 90 minutes in delta sleep and more in REM sleep)
Rapid eye movement sleep recurs four or five times a night and accounts for about —% percent of all timeasleep
25
As the night progresses, the person spends less time
in deeper sleep and more time in
REM sleep.
Question: What did Freud believe about dreams?
Freud believed dreams have meaning and need interpretation.
Freud: Question: Why are dreams often vague and illogical?
Dreams come from the irrational and wishful unconscious mind.
FREUD: Question: How do unconscious processes work in dreams?
Unconscious processes in dreams are associative, not logical.
freud: Question: How can the latent content of a dream be uncovered?
The dreamer free-associates thoughts, and the dream analyst traces associations.
Question: What is the underlying meaning of most dreams according to Freud?
Freud believed most dreams reflect unconscious wishes, often sexual or aggressive.
Question: What do contemporary psychodynamic psychologists believe about dream content?
They think dream content can be any emotionally pressing concern, not just sexual or aggressive wishes.
Question: What is the central aspect of the psychodynamic approach to dreaming?
The psychodynamic approach sees dreams as associative thought with emotional significance, requiring interpretation due to the lack of rational thought processes.
According to Freud, unconscious processes are associative processes. Thus, ideas are connected by
their relationship to one another along networks of association, not by
logic
THE COGNITIVE VIEW SEES DREAMS AS
COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS THAT REFLECTS THE CONCERNS AND METAPHORS PEOPLE EXPRESS IN THEIR WAKING THOUGHT
cognitive view sees dreams as just a
form of thought, possibly even problem solving
Empirical research supports the view that dreams are related to
current concerns
People who record higher well being report fewer
nightmares
Feelings of stress is reported to increase
the frequency and intensity of nightmares
BIOLOGICAL VIEW Some dream researchers argue that dreams are biological phenomena that
serve no meaning at all
BIOLOGICAL VIEW According to one such theory dreams
reflect cortical interpretations of random neural signals initiated in the midbrain during REM sleep. These signals are relayed through the thalamus to the visual and association cortexes, which try to understand this information in their usual way — namely, by using existing knowledge structures known as
(schemas) to process the information
BIOLOGICAL VIEW Sleep appears to be involved in the consolidation of
.
memory
Memories for newly learned material are stronger after eight hours of sleep than after
eight hours of wakefulness
The interpretive processes
that occur at the cortical level involve the same structures of meaning—
schemas, associational networks
and emotional processes —
The cognitive perspective suggests that dreams are the outcome of cognitive processes and that theircontent
reflects the concerns andmetaphors people express in their waking cognition
Another points to the role of sleep and dreaming in memory consolidation,
as the hippocampus and cortex work together to consolidate memories and then
‘wipe the slate clean’ in
the hippocampus
60% of a nights sleep is spent in
stage 2 sleep
a possible explaination for feeling half a wake and half asleep before sleep may be due to
the hyothalmus going to sleep before the rest of the brain
The desire to sleep increases as
sleep pressure increases due to duration of awake time
These substances slow down the central nervous system, leading to relaxation, sedation, and reduced brain activity. Examples include alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.
Depressants
