Introduction WEEK 1 Flashcards
Scientific Investigation of mental processes
Psychology
Mental processes of human psychology
Thinking, Feeling, remembering
What is the feild of Behavioural Neuroscience called
Biopsychology
Defining which parts of the brain control different aspects of functioning is called
Localisation of Function
Computerised imigaging techniques that shows functioning of the brain in response to stimuli
PET Positron Emission Tomography
A part of the brain that when affected (lesion) Can speak fluently and follow rules of grammar but could not understand language or speak in a comprehensible manner to others
Wernicke’s Area (what are they saying)
Part iof the brain that if affected (lesion) the person is Unable to speak fluently but could understand language.
Broca’s Area (b-b-b-b-broca)
Area of study that examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation, emotion and stress.
Biopsychology
Psychology grew out of….
Philosophy
Pysychological meaning transformed into mechanism
Psychological Event
biological and environmental influence is knows as
Nature Vs Nuture
fundamental philosophical/psychological questions that compare To What extent does knowledge of the world come from logic and reasoning or from observation and experience
Rationalism Vs empiricism
fundamental philosophical/psychological questions that compare knowledge vs guided by feelings
———- VS ———–
Reason Vs Emotion
fundamental philosophical/psychological questions that compare Are people making choices or responding to circumstances outside their control
Free Will Vs Determinism
fundamental philosophical/psychological questions that compare
Individualism vs ….
Rationality
(- genuine desire to help and relate to others
- self interest)
Father of Psychology, first lab in Leipzig Germany
Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920
looking inward and reporting ones conscious experience
Introspection
Edward Titchener 1867-1927 created ….
Structuralism, periodic table of the consciousness
the study of consciousness was viewed as unscientific because
it could only be observed (the thoughts and feelings) by the person experiencing them
Emphasised function - helping individuals adapt to their environment
Functionalism
Broad system of theoretical assumptions used to make sense of something
Paradigm
- Set of theoretical assertions that provide a model.
- Shared set of metaphors
- Agreed methods that produce valid and useful data/information
All the above are
Paradigm componenets
Psychology lacks a unified paradigm but rather splinters off into a number of schools of thought or….
perspectives
refers to the complex neuroendocrine system involved in the body’s stress response.
The HPA axis ( hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)
What is the difference between correlation and causation
Correlation = relationship between two variables
Causation = one variable causes a change in another
What is the difference between sensation and perception
Sensation = detecting and encoding sensory information
perception = interpreting and making sense of that information
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory
Explicit memory = conscious, intentional memory
Implicit memory = unconscious and unintentional
What is the primary function of the amygdala
The amygdala plays a crucial role in processing and regulating emotions, especially fear and aggression
What is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in memory called
memory consolidation
Who proposed the theory of cognitive development in children
Jean Piaget
What is the concept of reinforcement in operant conditioning
increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a reward or positive consequence
What is the primary focus of
social psychology
how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.
Who is associated with the theory of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What is the difference between observational learning and classical conditioning
Observational learning = learning by observing others
classical conditioning= learning by associating two stimuli
physiological reaction to a perceived threat, preparing the body for either confrontational or evasive action
fight-or-flight response
What are the three components of attitudes
C cognitive (beliefs and thoughts),
A affective (emotional response), and
B behavioural (inclination to act).
mnemonic CAB
a perceived improvement in their condition or symptoms due to believing they received an active treatment when, in reality, they did not
Placebo
What is the definition of consciousness in psychology?
an individual’s awareness of their thoughts, feelings, sensations, and the external environment.
…….perspective sees behaviour as being motivated by forces that individuals may not understand or be aware of.
Cognitive
…….perspective would suggest that psychological science is the study of behaviour that is observable and measurable.
Behaviourist / behaviourism
—–perspective sees our behaviours developing as a result of our species’ adaptation to the challenges of surviving across milennia
Evolutionary
This perspective suggest that future behaviour is influenced by memory and analysis of past experience
Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic approach proposes that people —-, —– and —– are associated in their minds
Thoughs, feelings and wishes
Many mental processes are unconcious, and mental processes can conflict, leading to——– and ——- ——–
compromises and competing motives
The psychodynamic approach is classed as unscientific as it does not meet the
Falsifiability Criterion
can not be proved or disproved
Behaviourism focuses on the way —— can control behaviour through learning
stimuli
This person know for the behaviourist perspective, Coined the phrase or perspective of Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)
John Locke
A spychologist who experimented with controlling infants environments to turn them into what ever he wanted
John Watson 1878-1958
Pioneer of American Behaviourism
(Little Albert Experiment)
Developed Behaviourism concepts into a developed perspective
BF Skinner 1904-1990
In behaviourism mental processes are the biproduct of….
environmental events (Stimuli)
The mind is a black box a stimulus enters the box and a response comes out and what happens…
what happens inside the box is not of concern
in behaviourism behaviour is the result of
learned experience
Humanistic concept that is defined a: People are motivated to meet their full potential
Self- Actualisation (Humanistic)
Perspective of Psychology that believes: People are innately good and will always choose adaptive, goal-oriented self actualising behaviours
Humanistic Perspective/Approach
Humanistic approach is ——– centred
person centred
Two Pioneers and founders of Humanistic theories
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Humanistic theorists believe that problems occur when there is a discrepency between the
Ideal self and self concept
Perspective focuses on the way people percieve, process and retrieve information
Cognitive Psychology
(Cognitive Perspective)the environment provides inputs, which are transformed, stored and retrieved using various mental ‘programs’ leading to specific response outputs - that can be condensed into what matphor
The mind is like a computer (Cognitive Perspective)
Study of psychological processes that reflect evolutionary process of natural selection
Evolutionary Psychology
——- traits help organisms to adjust and survive in their environment (evolutionary)
Adaptive traits
The study of animal behaviour (which may apply evolutionary approach to understanding animal bahaviour)
Ethology
Explores the possible evolutionary and biological bases of human social behaviour
Sociobiology
Application of evolutionary thinking to psychological phenomena
Evolutionary Psychology
A surprising determinant of many personality traits and intellectual skills
Heriditability
The Capacity to survive and produce offspring is called
Reproductive Success
a term that means the influence on the reproductive success of genetically related individuals
Inclusive fitness
subjective awareness of mental events
Consciousness
Process of focusing concious awarness
attention
According to psychodynamics, If I am currently subjectively aware, I am ——-
conscious
According to Psychodynamics if I am not currently conscious but could be readily brought to consciousness, I am — ——–
pre conscious
According to Psychodynamics if my thoughts are dynamically kept away from consciousness because they are threatening, they are ——–
unconscious
Quality psychological research is characterised by
a theoretical framework, TF
standardised procedures, SP
Generalisability and G
objective measurement OM
A variable that can be placed on a continuum is called
a continuous variable
Angela is a cognitive psychologist. As a cognitive psychologist she:
infers mental processes from experimental data
Behaviourists are not comfortable with studying mental events such as thoughts or feelings because:
they cannot be independently verified because they are not directly observable.
Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness including sensation, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing. Diane is practising what Wundt would call:
Introsepction
My essay examines the relationship between conscious awareness and unconscious mental forces being analogous to the visible tip of an iceberg and the vast, submerged hulk that lies out of sight beneath the water. This notion best fits with which of the following perspectives?
Psychodynamic
Study design that is useful if an experimental design is impractical.
takes advantage of natural groups as they exist in nature.
Quasi- Experimental
A type of sample where a proportion is drawn from each population category.
A stratified random sample
