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neurophysiology > Sleep, Wakefulness and EEG > Flashcards

Sleep, Wakefulness and EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three states of consciousness?

A

Wakefulness
Core consciousness
Extended consciousness

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2
Q

What does an EEG pick up from the brain?

A

Synchronised dendritic activity

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3
Q

What do peaks on EEG correlate to?

A

The more neurons that are synchronised

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4
Q

How is EEG carried out?

A

19 pairs of electrode are put at internationally agreed points on surface of head
Comparison between electrodes give an implication of the activity in various areas of the brain

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5
Q

When do you see beta waves?

A

When eyes are open and awake

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6
Q

When do you see alpha waves?

A

Awake with eyes closed

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7
Q

What are K complexes?

A

Sudden increase in amplitude of waves

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8
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Sudden increase in frequency of signal

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9
Q

Which stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K complexes present?

A

Stage 2

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10
Q

What are the names of the waves that are slower?

A

Theta

Delta

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of REM on EEG?

A

Fast beta waves

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12
Q

How do sleep stages change as number of sleep cycles increases?

A

Stage 4 only reached in initial sequences

Increasing time spent in REM

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of REM?

A 
Easier to rouse than stage 4
Dreaming 
Rapid eye movements
Low muscle tone - effectively paralysed 
Increased HR, RR, O2 consumption and neural activity
Penile erection
Drop in body temp
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14
Q

Which neurotransmitters from the RF are involved in arousal?

A

NA
5-HT
ACh

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15
Q

What happens when you excite the thalamus?

A

Increase in sensory output

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16
Q

What happens if the thalamus is lesioned?

A

No synchronous waves on EEG

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17
Q

What is the effect of excitation of the reticular formation on the thalamus?

A

Causes depolarisation of thalamus which exerts non-rhythmic output which increases arousal

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18
Q

What causes non-REM sleep?

A

Hyperpolarised thalamus due to decreased activity in arousal centres of reticulum

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19
Q

What causes K complexes and sleep spindles?

A

Inherent rhymicity of thalamic neurones as they hyperpolarise due to reduced ascending reticular formation input

20
Q

What happens when the thalamus develops slow wave rhythmicity?

A

Blocks ascending sensory input

21
Q

Which part of the brainstem blocks descending motor output in REM sleep?

A

Locus coeruleus

22
Q

Which motor systems are spared during REM?

A

Eyes
Middle ear
Respiratory centres

23
Q

What is the role of cholinergic neurones in REM?

A

Project from midbrain RF and excite thalamus to provide descending inhibitory stimuli to the motor pathways

24
Q

Describe the indirect arousal pathway

A

Midbrain RF projects cholinergic excitation onto thalamus

25
Q

When is the indirect arousal pathway inactive?

A

NREM sleep

26
Q

Describe the direct arousal pathway

A

Direct cortical excitation by various NTs e.g. orexin, NA, 5-HT, histamine, DA

27
Q

When is the direct pathway active?

A

When awake and in NREM

28
Q

What would a lesion affecting the direct pathway cause?

A

Sleepiness and coma

29
Q

What is the centre of non-REM sleep promotion?

A

Ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus (VLPO)

30
Q

How does VLPO promote sleep?

A

Inhibitory projects to all the major direct arousal centres

31
Q

What does the extended VLPO promote?

A

REM sleeo

32
Q

What does the VLPO cluster promote?

A

Non-REM sleep

33
Q

Which hormone flips the switch between awake and sleep?

A

Orexin

34
Q

When are orexinergic neurones usually active?

A

When awake

35
Q

Where do orexinergic neurones project?

A

Arousal nuclei
VLPO
Cerebra

36
Q

How do orexinergic neurones enhance arousal?

A

Stimulate arousal centres

Inhibit VPLO

37
Q

How does the VLPO affect orexin?

A

Inhibits release as well as arousal centres

38
Q

Where controls circardian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

39
Q

What is a major input into the SCN that rests the clock?

A

Receptors in the retina containing melanopsin (react to light)

40
Q

What are two causes of permanent narcolepsy?

A

Inherited neurodegenerative process

Stroke from basilar artery

41
Q

What causes locked in syndrome?

A

Occlusion of blood supply to brainstem e.g. basilar artery resulting in infarction of RF

42
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

Inherited autoimmune condition causing loss of orexin containing neurons

43
Q

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

Falling asleep during ay
Limb weakness during emotional episodes
Night time or morning wakening with muscular paralysis
Vivid dream recollection

44
Q

Why do narcoleptics have vivid dream recollection?

A

Pass straight from awake into REM

45
Q

What are the features of REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A

Act out dreams leading to injury of themselves or others
Occurs during REM
Pontine RF fails to immobilise body
Memory of dreams

46
Q

What are the features of somnambulance?

A

Non-REM sleep
No memory of dreams enacted
Failure of midbrain RF to paralyse body

neurophysiology (17 decks)

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