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Neurophysiology > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Forms a ring around the corpus callosum

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2
Q

What are the general functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotion and motivation
Appetite
Endocrine
ANS

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3
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Tip of the hippocampus

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4
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Emotional component of experiences and memory

Fear

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5
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

We learn from and fear to make mistakes that have adverse effects

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6
Q

What are the afferents of the amygdala?

A

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

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7
Q

What are the main efferents of the amygdala?

A

Hypothalamus

Limbic cortex

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8
Q

What were the characteristics of the Macaque Monkeys that had their amygdala removed?

A

Lacked fear e.g. mated with inappropriate partners, stole food from superiors
Unusual tameness

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9
Q

What did Ekman recognise?

A

There are 6 universal facial expressions - anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happy, sad

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10
Q

What effect does loss of the amygdala have on facial recognition?

A

Unable to recognise facial expressions of fear and anger

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11
Q

What happens when you electrically stimulate the amygdala?

A

Anxiety, agitation, aggression

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12
Q

What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Bilateral temporal lobe lesions

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A 
Visual agnosia
Hypersexuality 
Loss of fear and conditioning 
Hyperorality (putting things in mouth)
Flattened emotions
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14
Q

Give an example of an unconcious fear reaction

A

Arachnophobes show a skin conductivity reaction to seeing camouflaged spiders, before they have consciously recognised that they are spiders

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15
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A 
Endocrine - controls anterior pituitary
Thirst
Hunger 
Temperature 
Sexual arousal
CVS regulation
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16
Q

What is the name of the system responsible for the feeling of reward?

A

Mesolimbic dopamine system

17
Q

Describe how the mesolimbic dopamine system works

A

Dopamine upregulates the ventral tegmental area which stimulates the Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Accumbens inhibits the Ventral Pallidum which removes its inhibition on the Mediodorsal thalamus setting off the reward loop

18
Q

Name a structure that modulates pain by reducing activity in ascending pain pathways

A

Peri-aqueductal gray

19
Q

Name substances that agonise the PAG

A

Opiates

Endorphins

20
Q

What happens when you electrically stimulate the PAG?

A

Analgesia

21
Q

What is nalaxone?

A

Opiod receptor blocker - used in heroin overdose

22
Q

Give examples of placebos that can reduce pain

A

Saline injections

Parental kiss

23
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial portion of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Goal setting, forward planning and ascribing meaning to perceptions

24
Q

What happens to the ventromedial portion of the prefrontal cortex in depression?

A

Reduced mass and activity

25
Q

What happens to the ventromedial portion of the prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder?

A

Inactive during depressive periods

Overactive during manic periods

26
Q

What happens to activity in the cingulate gyrus in depression?

A

Reduced

27
Q

What happens to activity in the cingulate gyrus in bi-polar disorder?

A

Overactive during depressive periods

Underactive during manic periods

28
Q

What is the proposed function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Straddle between emotion and cognition

29
Q

Which neurotransmitters have been implicated in depression?

A

Dopamine
NA
Serotonin

30
Q

What happens to glucocorticoids in depression?

A

Unchecked production of glucocorticoids (no negative feedback)
Increased glucocorticoids affect expression of 5-HT receptors which could lead to depression

31
Q

What is the role of the anterior insular cortex?

A

Interpretation of sensation as joy or disgust

32
Q

What is the effect of a frontal lobotomy?

A

Disinhibition
Lack of forward planning
Lowered executive function

Neurophysiology (17 decks)

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