Neurohistology and Response to Spinal Cord Injury

Question 1

How many layers are there in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

6

Question 2

How many layers are there in the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex called?

Answer 3

Outer molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granule layer

Question 4

Which cells are found in the granule layer?

Answer 4

Granule cells

Golgi cells

Question 5

Which cells are found in the molecular layer?

Answer 5

Basket cells

Stellate cells

Question 6

What are the largest type of cells in the cerebellum?

Answer 6

Purkinje cells

Question 7

Which glial cells form the blood brain barrier?

Answer 7

Astrocytes

Question 8

Which glial cells are found in the CNS?

Answer 8

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

Question 9

Which glial cells are found in the PNS?

Answer 9

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

Question 10

What is the role of ependymal cells in the CNS?

Answer 10

Line ventricles and secrete CSF

Question 11

What is the role of microglia in the CNS?

Answer 11

Immune - phagocytosis and cytokine release

Question 12

How many axons can an oligodendrocyte myelinate in the CNS?

Answer 12

Many

Question 13

Name 2 diseases that affect oligodendrocytes

Answer 13

Multiple sclerosis

Leukodystrophies

Question 14

How many axons can a Schwann cell myelinate in the PNS?

Answer 14

One

Question 15

Why are some axons not myelinated?

Answer 15

Fast conduction not required i.e. pain, temperature, itch

Question 16

How do Schwann cells interact with unmyelinated axons?

Answer 16

Envelope axons for protection

Question 17

Which surrounds a bundle of nerve fibres?

Answer 17

Perineurium

Question 18

What surround each individual nerve fibre?

Answer 18

Endoneurium

Question 19

What type of neurons are found in the lateral grey matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 19

Visceral (autonomic) motor neurons

Question 20

What happens when there is injury to a PNS nerve?

Answer 20

• Schwann cells become reactive and proliferate, secreting growth factors and forming Bands of Bungner
• Macrophage phagocytose debris
• Nerve fibres grow towards and through the bands

Question 21

What happens when there is injury to a CNS nerve?

Answer 21

Microglia and astrocytes become active
Inflammation occurs
Macrophage begin to remove debris but debris not completely removed
Glial scar formed by reactive astrocytes

Question 22

What is the process of neuron repair called?

Answer 22

Wallerian Degeneration

Question 23

Name an inhibitory molecule that reactive astrocytes increase the expression of

Answer 23

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

Question 24

Name a normal molecular that reactive astrocytes increase expression of

Answer 24

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

Question 25

Why prevents regrowth of CNS axons?

Answer 25

Myelin debris

Glial scarr

Question 26

What feature is characteristic of failed axon regeneration and what causes this?

Answer 26

Axons turn away from lesion and form reactive ‘end bulbs’ (swellings of accumulated organelles) at their tips

Question 27

What is nissl stain used to identify?

Answer 27

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Polyribosomes

Question 28

What is the most abundant neuron in the brain?

Answer 28

Granule cells

Question 29

What are the largest cells in the cerebellum?

Answer 29

Purkinje cells

Question 30

What is the purpose of astrocytes?

Answer 30

Structural and metabolic support for neurones

Form BBB

Question 31

What surround individual gangion cells?

Answer 31

Layer of flattened satellite cells

Question 32

What is the name of the sheath that surrounds individual nerve fibres?

Answer 32

Endoneurium

Question 33

Where are cell bodies of motor neurons found?

Answer 33

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 34

What is the name of the repair tissue formed by schwann cells in PNS repair?

Answer 34

Bands of Bungner

Question 35

What is the boundary between the CNS and PNS called?

Answer 35

Dorsal root entry zone