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LMAP2 > Sleep, stress and dependence > Flashcards

Sleep, stress and dependence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the impacts of loss of sleep?

A

Decreased attention span
More irritability
More interpersonal conflict
Increased absenteeism due to illness

Reduced productivity
Workplace errors
Disasters
Falling asleep behind the wheel 
Increased clinical error
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2
Q

What are the long term impacts of insufficient sleep?

A 
Depression
Cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes
Relationship between poor sleep and mortality
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3
Q

What is the the sleep homeostat?

A

The set of processes that tracks the intensity of our wakefullness to then alter the intensity of our sleep

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4
Q

Which molecule is involved in sleep homeostasis?

A

Adenosine

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5
Q

What happens to the levels of adenosine during wake periods?

A

Increases

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6
Q

What does caffeine do to adenosine?

A

Prevents the absorption of adenosine to promote wakefullness

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7
Q

What rhytmn controls the timing of biological processes?

A

Circadian rhytmn

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8
Q

What is the main biological time giver?

A

Light

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9
Q

Which cells are responsible for sending these signals?

A

Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

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10
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

Any input that gives the circadian system a time cue

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11
Q

When does melatonin peak?

A

2-4am

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12
Q

Ganglion cells transmit the signal to which nucleus at the thalamus, in terms of sleep?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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13
Q

What method is used to measure electrical activity in the brain?

A

EEG

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14
Q

What EMG measures what?

A

Measures muscle tone

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15
Q

What does an EOG measure?

A

Eye movement

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16
Q

What does a PSG measure?

A

Brain, muscle tone, breathing and eye

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17
Q

What are the four stages of sleep?

A

Non-REM stages 1-3
3 being the deepest part of sleep
REM

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18
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

A

3

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19
Q

Which stage of sleep is the deepest?

A

Stage 3 Non-REM

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20
Q

What is stage 1 REM sleep?

A

Transition from wake to sleep
Easily awakened
May experience sudden dreaming

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21
Q

What is stage 2 REM sleep?

A

Brain begins to suppress outside stimuli
Ambient noise or stimuli won’t wake up
If we;re deprived of this stage, our memories are impaired the following day

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22
Q

What is stage 3 sleep?

A

Deep sleep or slow-wave sleep has a key role to play in learning - FIRST HALF OF THE NIGHT
Out heart rate and blood pressure and muscle activity are much lower relative to wake
Night terrors
Sleep walking and talking
Being woken here will make you feel drowsy and grumpy

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23
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Stage 4 - REM sleep
Brain consumes more energy here than during wakefulness
The eyes move around in a very distinctive and rhythmic way
Body is paralysed because REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming and this prevents us from acting out
our dreams
Increases in heart rate, blood pressure and temperature
Being woken in this stage will make you feel confused or emotional - also unable to move your body for a few
minutes
MOST REM SLEEP IS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NIGHT

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24
Q

What is REM sleep important for?

A

Emotional memory consolidation
Emotional control
Learning complex skills

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25
Q

How can the stages of REM from a PSG be visualsied?

A

Hypnogram

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26
Q

What effect does alcohol have on sleep?

A

Fragmented sleep

27
Q

What is rebound sleep?

A

After long periods of wakefulnness or sleep deprivation, we see more deep sleep

28
Q

Which gender is more likely to be affected by sleep disorders?

A

Women

29
Q

What term describes a new sleep disorder?

A

Orthosomnia

30
Q

What are the impacts of stress?

A 
Increased heart rate/palpitations
Headache
Shortness of breath
Stomach upset
Fatigue
Mood disturbance
Worry
Focus-lessness
Isolation
31
Q

What are the physical signs of stress?

A 
If female, changes to period
Little energy 
Unexplaiend aches and pains
Gaining/losing weight
Sleeping problems
32
Q

What are the psychological signs of stress?

A 
Not motivation or interested in things
Constantly feeling low or sad
Having no little or no energy
Having suicidal thoughts 
low self-esteem
Feeling hopeless or helpless
33
Q

What are the social signs of stress?

A

Difficulty coping and mistakes at work
Having difficulties in your home and family life
Disregarding Hobbies and interests
Avoiding hanging out with friends and not feeling up to meeting them

34
Q

Which hormone is associated with stress?

A

Cortisol

35
Q

What is burnout?

A

Stressis a normal and sometimes healthy component to life

Stress makes us work harder and achieve our goals

A syndrome conceptualised as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed

36
Q

What term refers to high levels and chronic exposure to stress?

A

Burnout

37
Q

What are the three dimensions of burnout?

A

Feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion
Increased mental distance - negativism and cynicism
reduced professional efficacy

38
Q

What is the stress-diathesis model?

A

Disorder or behaviour trait is the result of an interaction between genetic predisposition vulnerability and stress

39
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

Drinking more than 8 units in one sitting for males and 6 units for females

40
Q

What is alcohol abuse?

A

Habitual excessive use of alcohol such that drinking alcohol has caused problems in other areas of life

41
Q

What is chronic alcohol dependence?

A

When somebody drinks excessively leading to growing problems in their life but continues to drink even after their alcohol consumption begins to affect them physically

42
Q

What are the psychological factors that lead to alcohol misuse?

A

High stress
Anxiety
Depression

43
Q

What are the social risk factors that lead to alcohol misuse?

A 
Culture
Religion
family 
Work influence 
Starting collect or a new job 
Peer pressure
44
Q

What are the environmental risk factors that lead to alcohol misuse?

A

Income/financial pressure

Proximity to alcohol retail stores

45
Q

What is an alcohol unit?

A

10ml or 8g of ethanol

46
Q

What is a type 1 binge drinker?

A

Use alcohol to regain control of life and calm down

De-stress

47
Q

What is a re-bounding drinker?

A

Are driven by a need to keep in touch with people who are close to them.
Alcohol is the ‘shared connector’ that unifies and gets them on the same level.
They often forget the time and the amount they are consuming.

48
Q

What are macho drinkers?

A

Often feeling under-valued, disempowered and frustrated in important areas in their life.
They are mostly men of all ages who want to stand out from the crowd.
Drinking is driven by a constant need to assert their masculinity and status.

49
Q

What is a conformist drinker?

A

Are driven by the need to belong and seek a structure to their lives.
They are typically men aged 45 to 59 in clerical or manual jobs and believe that going to the pub every night
is what ‘men do’

50
Q

What are border dependent drinkers?

A

Men who effectively live in the pub which, for them, is a home from home.
They visit it during the day and the evening, on weekdays and at weekends, drinking fast and often.

51
Q

What are depressed drinkers?

A

May be of any age, gender or socioeconomic group.
Their life is in a state of crisis e.g. recently bereaved or divorced and so crave comfort, safety, and security.
Alcohol is a comforter and a form of self-medication used to help them cope.

52
Q

What are hedonistic drinkers?

A

Crave stimulation and want to abandon control, use alcohol to release inhibitions.
They are often divorced people with grown-up children, who want to stand out from the crowd.

53
Q

What are boredom drinkres?

A

Consume alcohol to pass the time, seeking stimulation to relieve the monotony of life.
Alcohol helps them to feel comforted and secure.
Typically, single mums or recent divorcees with a restricted social life.

54
Q

What are community drinkers?

A 
Are motivated by the need to belong.
Drinking provides a sense of safety and security but also gives their lives meaning.
They are usually lower-middle-class men and women who drink in large friendship groups.
55
Q

What are the features of acute alcohol intoxication?

A

Disturbed level of consciousness
Impaired cognition
Disturbed perception
Alterations to affect or behaviour

56
Q

At 1-2 units what does alcohol do to the body?

A

vasodilation
increased heart rate
feeling sociable and talkative

57
Q

At 4-6 units what does alcohol do to the body?

A

impaired decision making
impaired reaction timed
impaired coordination

58
Q

At 8-9 units what does alcohol do to the body?

A

further increases in reaction time
speech disturbance
visual changes

59
Q

At 10-12 units what does alcohol do to the body?

A

coordination highly impaired
drowsy
increased urination
GI symptoms

60
Q

Which pathway does dopamine associate with?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

61
Q

What happens to dopamine release in a patient with substance abuse?

A

Blunted

62
Q

In individuals with reduce dopamine function, what is the likely affect?

A

Predisposed to addiction

63
Q

What is the role performed by endorphins?

A

Addiction

Role in pleasure and inhibition of pain

LMAP2 (15 decks)

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