Adolescent Health Flashcards
What is the first stage for intervention when taking a life course approach?
Pre-conception
What is the most prevalent STI according to NATSAL?
HPV
In which group is non-volitional sex more common?
Women
Why is there an importance placed on addressing sexual health?
- Improves physical health outcomes
- Improves mental health outcomes
- Positively influences social and emotional wellbeing
What are the four main methods of prevention of poor sexual health?
1) Contraception
2) HPV immunisation
3) HIV prevention
4) Education/health literacy
Outline the role of clinician in patient’s contraception options? (3 points)
- Provide information around contraception options
- Educate patients about risks and consequences of unprotected sex
- Facilitate prompt access to contraception and sexual health services
What is the most common form of contraception and protection against STIs?
Barrier protection
What are the circumstances around unplanned pregnancies?
1/6 pregnancies are unplanned
More common in young, single women
Smoking, drug use and depression more common in women who report unplanned pregnancy
What impact does conception under the age of 18 have on babies?
Low birth weight babies
Higher infant mortality rate
Higher risk of poor antenatal health
What diseases does the HPV vaccine protect against?
Cervical cancer
Some mouth and throat (Head and neck) cancers
Some cancers of the anal and genital areas
Protection against genital warts
What is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Course of HIV drugs taken by a HIV negative person to lower the chance of becoming infected with HIV in the future
What is post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)?
Anti-HIV medication that is prescribed to a HIV negative person after a potential HIV exposure to protect them from being infected with HIV
What are the two major types of drug used for HIV prevention?
PrEP and PEP
What are the four most common types of commonly diagnosed STI’s in England as of 2018?
- Chlamydia: 49%
- Gonorrhoea: 15%
- First episode genital warts: 11%
- First episode genital herpes: 7%
How does breast milk influence the microbiome in infants?
Significant differences in the gut microbiome between breast fed and formula fed babies have been found. This is thought to result from breast feeding exposing the baby to the microbiome of the breast skin, nipple and ducts, and milk contents compared to less exposure for formula fed babies. Diet is also thought to impact on the health of the microbiome later in life.
What is the microbiome?
The microbiome consists of bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses including their genes found co-existing throughout the human body. This can also be found within and on all multicellular organisms, not just in the GI tract of humans. Microbiota is the term usually used for a group of micro-organisms found within a certain environment. For example, the ‘gut microbiome’ refers to all microbes and their genetic material found in the gut, whereas ‘gut microbiota’ refers to the micro-organisms in the gut only.
What is the difference between microbiome and microbiota?
Refers to all microbes and their genetic material found in the gut, whereas ‘gut microbiota’ refers to the micro-organisms in the gut only.
How does the method of delivery influence an infants microbiome?
Babies born vaginally are initially colonised by organisms from the maternal vagina to which they are exposed during delivery. Babies delivered via caesarean section are mostly colonised by maternal skin flora and tend to have significantly less diverse and fewer bacteria in their gut in early life compared with those delivered vaginally
Babies delivered by vaginal birth are exposed to which types of organisms?
Colonised by organisms from the maternal vagina
Babies delivered by C-section are exposed to which types of organisms?
Maternal skin flora and tend to have significantly less diverse and fewer bacteria in their gut in early life
What properties are exhibited by the microbioma?
Immunomodulatory properties
The microbiome curbs the growth of pathological microorganisms and has a role in balancing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals.
What is the risk of folate deficiency during pregnancy?
Neural tube defects including spina bifida
What is the importance of vitamin D in pregnancy?
To promote bone health of the foetus and reduce the risk of rickets
What are some folate rich foods?
- Green leafy vegetables
- Peas
- Kidney beans
- Chickpeas