Public Health Flashcards
What is the taxonomy of medical ethics?
- Autonomy (Freedom to act independently)
- Justice (Fairness)
- Beneficence (do good)
- Non-maleficence (do no harm)
What is consequentialism?
The ethical validity of an action is based on the outcome of that action
What is Utilitarianism?
The most happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people
What is the Hedonic Calculus?
A method of working out the sum total of pleasure and pain produced by an act, and thus the total value of its consequences; also called the felicific calculus; sketched by Bentham in chapter 4 of his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
What is distributive justice?
Armstrong defines distributive justice as the ways that the benefits and burdens of our lives are shared between members of a society or community. Principles of distributive justice tell us how these benefits and burdens ought to be shared or distributed.
What is social justice?
Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it
What is Politics?
The philosophy and activity of government
What is politics (small p)?
The process of us gaining or applying power in our local group or organisation.
Why do we have a government?
Security - Protect citizens from external threats
Promotion of unity, justice and liberty
What is the on the right wing of political ideology?
Conservative
What is on the leftwing of political ideology?
Liberal
What is the definition of collectivism?
The ownership of land and the means of production by the people or the state, as a political principle or system.
What is the definition of liberalism?
A political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.
What is the definition of libertarianism?
Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.
What is the definition of Conservatism?
the holding of political views that favour free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas.
What is the harm principle and the nuffield ladder of bioethics?
This principle forms the basis of Mill’s belief that individuals are sovereign and that state interference should be constrained as the default.
The Nuffield Ladder of Bioethics is a helpful framework that we can use to consider the proportionality of constraining individual liberty. Like Mill would have wanted, the default position at the bottom of the ladder is to do nothing. But the ladder then identifies a menu of interventional approaches. While the ladder does not give provide justification, it adds gradations and categories to different interventional approaches.
What is a stakeholder in a medical setting?
The EHC Program defines a “stakeholder” as a person or group with a vested interest in a particular clinical decision and the evidence that supports that decision, including: Patients, caregivers, and patient advocacy organizations.
What is the difference between power and authority?
Power: The ability to exercise one’s will over others
Authority: The ability to influence people and outcomes
What is a coalition?
The ability to influence people and outcomes
What are the two main types of changes?
Incremental
Transformative
What is incremental change?
Step by Step change, slow progression
What is transformative change?
Root and branch change, fast
What is the talk test?
A way to understand and measure the intensity of aerobic activity is by understanding intensity and how physical activity affects heart rate and breathing.
What is moderate intensity of a talk test?
• Moderate Intensity
o The talk test is a simple way to measure relative intensity. In general, if you’re doing moderate-intensity activity, you can talk but not sing during the activity.
o Walking briskly (3 miles per hour or faster, but not race-walking)
o Water aerobics
o Bicycling slower than 10 miles per hour on primarily flat or level terrain without hills
o Tennis (doubles)
o Ballroom dancing
o General gardening
What is vigorous intensity in regards to a talk test?
o In general, if you’re doing vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath.
o Race walking, jogging, or running
o Swimming laps
o Tennis (singles)
o Aerobic dancing
o Bicycling 10 miles per hour or faster that may include hills
o Jumping rope
o Heavy gardening (continuous digging or hoeing)
o Hiking uphill or with a heavy backpack
What is the first step of creating a lifestyle prescription?
Symptom web
