Population health and inequalities Flashcards
What are the determinants of health?
Biology/genetic environment
Health care system
Physical environment
What are the wider determinants of health?
Social
Economic
Environment
What is the policy rainbow?
The public health approach to health suggests that some of wider determinants of health (e.g. the physical
environment or environmental conditions) are outside of our control but some (e.g. personal lifestyle) are and
while can be influenced by external factors, these also have an element of individual responsibility.
What does the central layer of the rainbow represent?
Age
Sex
Constitutional factors
There are pre-determine factors and are non-modifiable
What does the second layer of the policy rainbow represent?
Physical activity levels
Diet
Drug use
Amount of sleep
It represents individual lifestyle
What are social and community networks?
An individuals involvement and contribution within their local community and the social connections they maintain play a crucial role in health and well-being of a population
What is a determinant?
People are products of their environment
People have no choices of responsibility for their own health
Overtly literal interpretation
What is a non-communicable disease?
Wider determinants shape whether you develop these diseases including heart disease and diabetes
What are the impacts on children with poor housing?
Have lower academic attainment and a higher risk of unemployment and poverty
Overall, there are poorer health outcomes
What is stress and anxiety associated with, in terms of comorbidities?
Hypertension
A physical disability can increase the risk of what?
Developing an unhealthy weight
Low levels of sexual and reproductive health education can increase the risk of what?
Cervical cancer
What does socioeconomic status apply to?
Applies to a person
What does deprivation apply to?
To a specific area
Eduction correlates with what?
Better health
What are markers of socioeconomic status?
Education
Income
Occupation
What are the characteristics typically associated with a deprived area?
Lower income
Poorer employment
Worse schools
What is deprivation?
Deprivation is a technical measure of an area and the UK is one of only a handful of countries that measures
deprivation.
Considers both material and social deprivation
What does deprivation take into account?
Income Employment Education, skills and training Health deprivation and disability Housing and services Living environment Crime and disorder
What index is available for identifying how deprived an area is?
The English Index of Multiple Deprivation
What is the inverse care law?
Poor communities are typically more poorly saved, the most deprived neighbourhoods have least access to health services, lower quality and fewer in number
Affluent professionals choose not to work there, they seek services less
There is a perverse relationship between the need for healthcare and its actual utilisation. Those who need medical care are least likely to receive in, those with least need = tend to use health services more and more effectively
What is absolute risk?
The risk of developing disease of a time period
What is relative risk?
The risk of developing something compared to another group of people
What are used as indicators in a population?
Incidence and prevalence
