Adult Health Flashcards
What are the two main heath inequalities related to men’s health in the UK?
Live shorter lives
Suffer life-limiting disease sooner
What are the three main health issues that affect exclusively men?
Erectile dysfunction
Testosterone
Prostate problems
What does the UK government define sex as?
The biological aspects of an individual as determined by their anatomy which is produced by their chromosomes, hormones and their interactions - Male or female
What does the UK government define gender as?
A social construction relating to behaviours and attributes based on labels of masculinity and femininity; gender identity is a personal, internal perception of oneself and so the gender category someone identifies with may not match the sex they were assigned at birth
What are the 3 most common causes of death in which Women’s life expectancy is affected more than men?
Breast cancer
Cervix uteri cancer
Alzheimer’s disease
When compared to females, the increased mortality associated with being male is driven predominantly by?
Exposure to occupational and environmental risks
Health seeking behaviours: Men are far less likely to ask for help when they need it
In which sex is suicide most common in?
Men
What is the WHO definition of self-care?
What people do for themselves to establish and maintain health and to prevent and deal with illness
Outline the 7 pillars of self-care framework
Knowledge and health literacy Mental wellbeing Physical activity Healthy eating Risk avoidance Good hygiene Rational use of products and services
What are the main social, cultural and political factors of chronic disease?
Globalisation
urbanisation
Ageing population
What are the main personal risk factors of chronic disease?
Unhealthy diet,
Physical activity
Tobacco use
Excess alcohol (age and genes)
What are the intermediate risk factors of chronic disease?
Raised blood pressure
Raised blood glucose
Abnormal blood lipids
Overweight/obesity
What are the main chronic diseases?
Heart disease Stroke Cancer Lung Disease Diabetes
What are the 3 main principles of self-care of communicable diseases?
Risk avoidance - school closures, lockdown measures, and social distancing
Good hygiene: hand washing, sanitiser gel, contact tracing app
Awareness and literacy: Health literacy, public health messaging, shielding high risk groups
What does flattening the curve mean with self-care?
Self-care reduces the chance to which the health system capacity is reached
Name 3 places where you can find self-care information?
1) Sustainable development
2) WHO guideline
3) Country level
What are the common promotions of self-care behaviours?
Activation Incentivisation Nudges Gamification Personalisation
What are the common self-care behaviours?
Lifestyle medicine lifestyle over drugs Person centred medicine Doctors as coaches The democratisation fo self-care Health in all policy approach
Outline some of the self-care technologies/enablers available?
Health apps
Wearables
Outline examples of health apps
300,000+ health apps: eHealth and mHealth, Internet of things, Diagnostics, Fitness trackers, Internet pharmacies, Social media platforms, AI
Outline examples of wearables
1000+ wearables: Blood pressure monitor, Sleep apnoea monitor, Glucometer, Breath-analysis, Pedometer, Heart rate, Mood assessment
Which drug is methadone prescribed as a safe substitute for?
Heroin
What type of drug is heroin?
An opioid
What is the function of methadone?
Reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings for other opioids
How is methadone adminsitered?
Taken as a liquid orally rather than as injection
What list is Methadone on?
World Health Organisation’s Model List of Essential Medicines
Define alcohol misuse
- > 14 units/week
- > 8 units/session for men
- > 6 units/session for women
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and alcohol misuse?
Inversely proportional
What are the screening tools available for alcohol?
Audit-C
What is the pathway of management of a patient with a harmful alcohol use?
Brief advice
Self-help resources
Follow-up appointment
If successful -
Extended brief interventions and/or cognitive behavioural therapy
What are the symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal?
Hypertension Tachycardia Sweating Tremor Agitation Confusion, seizures, hallucinations: Delirium tremenes
What vitamin deficiency is the primary cause for Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
What are the symptoms are Werncike’s encephalopathy?
Gait and balance disturbance
Altered Consciousness
Eye Movement abnormalities
What is the treatment for Wernicke’s Encephalopathy?
IV Thiamine
What should a patient do prior to a planned withdrawal?
Advise not to stop drinking immediately
Inform the DVLA and stop driving
Assessed for alcohol related comorbidities requiring specialist care: mental illness, liver disease and pancreatitis
Patients are likely to require oral thiamine
What situation should primary care be offered?
The patient is at reduced risk of adverse outcomes
Under the supervision of a GP with a special interest in substance misuse
What does chlordiazepoxide bind to?
Stereospecific benzodiazepine (BZD) binding sites on GABA (A) receptor complexes at several sites
Where are GABA-A receptors located within the CNS?
Limbic system
Reticular formation
What does chlordiazepoxide do?
Increased binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the GABA A receptor
What does acamprosate do?
Act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, reducing cravings
What are the two ways to maintain abstinence?
- Acamprosate: believed to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors; reducing cravings
- Talking Therapy; to prevent relapse
Which hormone is released during stress and is priortised?
Cortisol
