Child Health Flashcards
What is Dental Caries?
Occur when oral bacteria metabolise sugar and produce acid that demineralises enamel and dentin from the hard coating fo the tooth
What is the risk of severe dental caries?
Cause pain and infection that can lead to death and sepsis
What is the most common cause of school and work absenteeism?
Dental caries
What is the most common non-communicable disease globally?
Dental caries
What was the most common cause of hospital admission in children aged 5-9 years old?
Dental caries
What is the management for dental caries?
Tooth extraction
What are the downsides to tooth extraction?
Time consuming
Expensive
Widely unavailable in low income countries
What is the average cost of a tooth extraction?
£836
What is the biggest factor associated with dental caries?
Social deprivation - associated with excessive intake of sugar
How can dental caries be prevented?
Sugar reduction in the diet and maintaining good oral hygiene.
Reducing sugar intake by 10% of energy intake can minimise the risk of developing dental caries throughout the life course.
What population wide approaches are installed to reduce the risk of dental carries?
Fluoridation
Fluoride varnish programmes
Sugar reduction programmes
outline some events that can be categorised as adverse childhood experiences
- Experiencing abuse: Physical, sexual, psychological or neglect.
- Witnessing domestic abuse
- Having a close family member or caregiver who misused drugs or alcohol
- Having a close family member or caregiver with mental health problems
- Having a close family member or caregiver who served time in prison
- Experiencing parental separation or divorce on account of relationship breakdown.
What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for physical activity, overweight and diabetes with ACEs?
Weak or modest
What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for smoking, heavy alcohol use, heart disease, respiratory disease, cancer and poor self-related health?
Moderate
What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for mental health, sexual risk taking, problematic alcohol use?
Strong
What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for problematic drug use, and interpersonal and self-directed violence?
Very Strong
What is the LEAP criteria?
Local
Enjoyable
Practical criteria
What is a strength based approach with children?
Allows child to build on positive behaviours
What approaches should be adopted when dealing with the family and children in health issues?
- Be opportunistic
- Be Sensitive
- Non-judgemental approach
- Strengths-based approach i.e. allows child to build on positive behaviours
- Focus on barriers of particular importance to the child
- Relate to other children i.e. ideas that have helped other children
- Engage parents and families
- Specific, short term goals
- LEAP criteria: Local, Enjoyable and Practical criteria
What is the national child measurement programme?
Measures the height and weight of children in reception and then again in year 6
What is offered int he first BMI centile?
Universal presentation
Consultation with frontline healthcare professionals
Public health approaches
What is offered in the 2nd centile criterion for BMI?
Intensive and community based time specific public health approaches
What are the clinical thresholds for underweight?
2nd percentile
What are the clinical thresholds for overweight?
> 91st centile
What are the clinical thresholds for obese?
> 98th centile
What is offered for overweight patients (>91st centile)
Intensive and community based
Time specific
Public health approaches
What is offered in children in the >99.6th centile or >91st centile with co-morbidities/complex needs?
Specialist MDT
Weight management clinics
Longer term follow up
What are the advantages for giving every child a best start in life?
Reduces health inequalities, prevents chronic disease, improves health and wellbeing, increases employment, increase tax revenues and reduces pressure on health system
When does physical literacy occur?
- Physical literacy occurs when and individual has the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value physical activity throughout their life course.
How can physical literacy be developed as a child?
When children engage in inclusive, positive, meaningful physical activity experiences that place equal value on both physical and psychological benefits to health and wellbeing
What is orexin?
A neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefullness and appetite
What type of hormone is orexin?
Neuropeptide
What is another term used to describe orexin?
Hypocretin
What does orexin regulate?
Arousal, wakefullness and appetite
Which form of narcolepsy is associated with orexin?
Type 1 narcolepsy
What is type 1 narcolepsy?
The sufferer experiences brief losses of muscle tone, is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it
Why does type 1 narcolepsy occur?
Orexin deficit within the brain due to degeneration of productive cells
What is an ultra-radian rhythm?
Cycles that repeat within a 24 hour period.
What three factors can cause a circadian rhythm shift post adolescence?
Genetics
Neuropeptide expression
Lifestyle
How does ageing affect sleep?
Ageing is associated with the yellowing of the lens and decrease the light that enters the system; also a reduction of melatonin in the elderly (although not in the healthy)
What happens to melatonin in the elderly?
Reduction in melatonin
Wha happens to the lens during ageing?
Yellowing of the lens and decreased light that enters the system
What are the three most common sleep disorders?
Insomnia
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Sleepwalking
What term describes bed wetting in children?
Nocturnal enuresis
What can cause nocturnal enuresis?
Sleep deprivation - leading to a rebound in REM sleep which prevents the urge to be from creating an arousal from sleep
What is associated with bed wetting (2)?
Stress and anxiety
What are the indications of sleep deprivation in childhood?
Hyperactivity, behavioural problems at school and an inability to focus. Interpersonal conflict Impulsive behaviours Labile mood Difficulties at school
What is sleep deprivation associated with in adolescence?
Negative thinking and increased catastrophising
What is epigenetics?
Child hood experience (positive and negative) affects the epigenome and gene expression
- Temporarily or permanently depending on how easily the gene is turned on or off.
- Brain is developing most rapidly in early years so epigenetic expression shapes health and behaviour from this early stage.
