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LMAP2 > Child Health > Flashcards

Child Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dental Caries?

A

Occur when oral bacteria metabolise sugar and produce acid that demineralises enamel and dentin from the hard coating fo the tooth

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2
Q

What is the risk of severe dental caries?

A

Cause pain and infection that can lead to death and sepsis

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of school and work absenteeism?

A

Dental caries

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4
Q

What is the most common non-communicable disease globally?

A

Dental caries

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5
Q

What was the most common cause of hospital admission in children aged 5-9 years old?

A

Dental caries

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6
Q

What is the management for dental caries?

A

Tooth extraction

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7
Q

What are the downsides to tooth extraction?

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Widely unavailable in low income countries

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8
Q

What is the average cost of a tooth extraction?

A

£836

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9
Q

What is the biggest factor associated with dental caries?

A

Social deprivation - associated with excessive intake of sugar

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10
Q

How can dental caries be prevented?

A

Sugar reduction in the diet and maintaining good oral hygiene.

Reducing sugar intake by 10% of energy intake can minimise the risk of developing dental caries throughout the life course.

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11
Q

What population wide approaches are installed to reduce the risk of dental carries?

A

Fluoridation
Fluoride varnish programmes
Sugar reduction programmes

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12
Q

outline some events that can be categorised as adverse childhood experiences

A
  • Experiencing abuse: Physical, sexual, psychological or neglect.
  • Witnessing domestic abuse
  • Having a close family member or caregiver who misused drugs or alcohol
  • Having a close family member or caregiver with mental health problems
  • Having a close family member or caregiver who served time in prison
  • Experiencing parental separation or divorce on account of relationship breakdown.
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13
Q

What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for physical activity, overweight and diabetes with ACEs?

A

Weak or modest

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14
Q

What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for smoking, heavy alcohol use, heart disease, respiratory disease, cancer and poor self-related health?

A

Moderate

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15
Q

What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for mental health, sexual risk taking, problematic alcohol use?

A

Strong

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16
Q

What is the strength of evidence of the risk level for problematic drug use, and interpersonal and self-directed violence?

A

Very Strong

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17
Q

What is the LEAP criteria?

A

Local
Enjoyable
Practical criteria

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18
Q

What is a strength based approach with children?

A

Allows child to build on positive behaviours

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19
Q

What approaches should be adopted when dealing with the family and children in health issues?

A
  • Be opportunistic
  • Be Sensitive
  • Non-judgemental approach
  • Strengths-based approach i.e. allows child to build on positive behaviours
  • Focus on barriers of particular importance to the child
  • Relate to other children i.e. ideas that have helped other children
  • Engage parents and families
  • Specific, short term goals
  • LEAP criteria: Local, Enjoyable and Practical criteria
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20
Q

What is the national child measurement programme?

A

Measures the height and weight of children in reception and then again in year 6

21
Q

What is offered int he first BMI centile?

A

Universal presentation
Consultation with frontline healthcare professionals
Public health approaches

22
Q

What is offered in the 2nd centile criterion for BMI?

A

Intensive and community based time specific public health approaches

23
Q

What are the clinical thresholds for underweight?

A

2nd percentile

24
Q

What are the clinical thresholds for overweight?

A

> 91st centile

25
Q

What are the clinical thresholds for obese?

A

> 98th centile

26
Q

What is offered for overweight patients (>91st centile)

A

Intensive and community based
Time specific
Public health approaches

27
Q

What is offered in children in the >99.6th centile or >91st centile with co-morbidities/complex needs?

A

Specialist MDT
Weight management clinics
Longer term follow up

28
Q

What are the advantages for giving every child a best start in life?

A

Reduces health inequalities, prevents chronic disease, improves health and wellbeing, increases employment, increase tax revenues and reduces pressure on health system

29
Q

When does physical literacy occur?

A
  1. Physical literacy occurs when and individual has the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value physical activity throughout their life course.
30
Q

How can physical literacy be developed as a child?

A

When children engage in inclusive, positive, meaningful physical activity experiences that place equal value on both physical and psychological benefits to health and wellbeing

31
Q

What is orexin?

A

A neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefullness and appetite

32
Q

What type of hormone is orexin?

A

Neuropeptide

33
Q

What is another term used to describe orexin?

A

Hypocretin

34
Q

What does orexin regulate?

A

Arousal, wakefullness and appetite

35
Q

Which form of narcolepsy is associated with orexin?

A

Type 1 narcolepsy

36
Q

What is type 1 narcolepsy?

A

The sufferer experiences brief losses of muscle tone, is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it

37
Q

Why does type 1 narcolepsy occur?

A

Orexin deficit within the brain due to degeneration of productive cells

38
Q

What is an ultra-radian rhythm?

A

Cycles that repeat within a 24 hour period.

39
Q

What three factors can cause a circadian rhythm shift post adolescence?

A

Genetics
Neuropeptide expression
Lifestyle

40
Q

How does ageing affect sleep?

A

Ageing is associated with the yellowing of the lens and decrease the light that enters the system; also a reduction of melatonin in the elderly (although not in the healthy)

41
Q

What happens to melatonin in the elderly?

A

Reduction in melatonin

42
Q

Wha happens to the lens during ageing?

A

Yellowing of the lens and decreased light that enters the system

43
Q

What are the three most common sleep disorders?

A

Insomnia
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Sleepwalking

44
Q

What term describes bed wetting in children?

A

Nocturnal enuresis

45
Q

What can cause nocturnal enuresis?

A

Sleep deprivation - leading to a rebound in REM sleep which prevents the urge to be from creating an arousal from sleep

46
Q

What is associated with bed wetting (2)?

A

Stress and anxiety

47
Q

What are the indications of sleep deprivation in childhood?

A 
Hyperactivity, behavioural problems at school and an inability to focus. 
Interpersonal conflict
Impulsive  behaviours
Labile mood
Difficulties at school
48
Q

What is sleep deprivation associated with in adolescence?

A

Negative thinking and increased catastrophising

49
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Child hood experience (positive and negative) affects the epigenome and gene expression

  • Temporarily or permanently depending on how easily the gene is turned on or off.
  • Brain is developing most rapidly in early years so epigenetic expression shapes health and behaviour from this early stage.

LMAP2 (15 decks)

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