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psychology > sleep and dreaming > Flashcards

sleep and dreaming Flashcards

1
Q

What is REM sleep

A

Part of the sleep cycle with rapid eye movements caused by eyes moving a lot behind the eyelids when dreaming occurs

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2
Q

What is the sleep cycle

A

A nightly pattern of deep sleep, light sleep and dreaming

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3
Q

What is NREM sleep

A

Non rapid eye movement sleep

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4
Q

What’s a sensory blockade

A

In REM sleep all sensory information is stopped

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5
Q

What’s a neuron

A

A nerve cell that transmits information

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6
Q

What is movement inhibition

A

in REM sleep, when movement is prevented

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7
Q

How many stages of sleep are there

A

4

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8
Q

What is stage 1 sleep

A
  • Light sleep and can be easily woken up
  • muscles are less active, eye movements slow and can twitch suddenly
  • go through alpha and theta brainwaves
  • alpha brain activity is restful and theta waves characterise a period between wake and sleep
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9
Q

What is stage 2 sleep

A
  • your brainwaves are slower, mainly theta waves
  • eye movements stop and there are bursts of brain activity
  • body temperature drops and heart rate slows
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10
Q

What is stage 3 of sleep

A
  • slow delta brainwaves but also faster brain waves
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11
Q

What is stage 4 of sleep

A
  • almost all waves are slow delta waves
  • very hard to wake
  • no eye movements
  • when woken up - feel disoriented
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12
Q

How many hours do we have of REM sleep each night

A

2

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13
Q

What is REM sleep characterised as

A
  • rapid irregular breathing
  • muscles paralysed
  • blood pressure rises
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14
Q

How long is a cycle of sleep

A

90 mins

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15
Q

How many hours of sleep do adults need

A

7-8

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16
Q

How much hours do teenagers sleep nee£

A

9 hours

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17
Q

When does deep sleep stop in age

A

65

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18
Q

What are circadian rhythms

A
  • ## Human body rhythms that have a daily cycle I.e body temp
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19
Q

What are bodily rhythms

A

Biological (internal) rhythms that can happen daily, monthly or annually

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20
Q

What are ultradian rhythms

A

Rhythms that occur in a period of less than 24 hours, such as a sleep cycle

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21
Q

What re examples of ultradian bodily rhythms

A

Heart rate, blood circulation

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22
Q

What are internal influences on sleep examples

A

Hormones
Pineal gland and melatonin

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23
Q

What helps reset hormones

A

Sleep

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24
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers taking messages through the blood stream

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25
Q

When we are under stress how do hormones affect our sleep

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone in the pituitary glands release cortisol which causes alertness

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26
Q

What is melatonin

A

A hormone involved in setting circadian rhythms, including the sleep wake cycle and blood pressure

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27
Q

Where is melatonin produced

A

Pineal gland

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28
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

A small endocrine gland that produces melatonin and secreted into the blood stream

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29
Q

What can melatonin be used in

A

Medication to help with insomnia and jet lag

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30
Q

What are external influences on sleep

A

Zeitgebers including light

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31
Q

What are external factors examples

A

What we eat and drink, include environmental stress

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32
Q

What are zeitgebers

A

External cues that synchronise our biological rhythms

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33
Q

What can affect a change in zeitgebers

A

Mood and performance

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34
Q

How does the zeitgebers light affect sleep

A
  • light comes into our eyes and light sensitive cells in the retina of the eye let the internal body cook know whether it is day or night
35
Q

What is entrainment

A

When biological rhythms are matched to their environmental triggers

36
Q

What are strengths of the internal influences on sleep

A
  • there is evidence from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) have the role of setting the biological clock (if SCN removed, sleep wake patterns become random)
  • a study looked at a blind man who’s bodily rhythm was near to 25 hours, suggesting we have circadian rhythms governed by internal factors
37
Q

What are weakness of the internal influences on sleep

A
  • much of the evidence is from animals so may be hard applying it to humans
38
Q

What are strengths of the external influences on sleep

A
  • practical applications for understanding body clocks in humans - understanding zeitgebers can help shift workers
  • Ralph Mistlberger agree that light is the main way bodily rhythms are synchronised to an individuals day and night times
39
Q

What are weaknesses of the external influences on sleep

A
  • ## Siffre are sleep-deprivation studies so the situation is not natural and lacks validity
40
Q

What is insomnia

A

Problems with sleeping at night that cause difficulty during the day

41
Q

When does chronic insomnia occurs

A

3 or more nights a week lasting 3 months

42
Q

What are symptoms of insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep
Not feeling refreshed
Waking up a lot in the night
Irritable

43
Q

What can insomnia be caused by

A
  • Lifestyle ie jet lag or working shifts
  • health conditions ie depression
  • eat and drink ie caffeine
44
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

Inability to control sleeping and waking, so experiencing involuntary daytime sleeping

45
Q

In how many one person does is affected by narcolepsy

A

1 in 2000

46
Q

What are symptoms of narcolepsy

A
  • excessive daytime sleepiness
  • hallucinations + vivid dreams
  • sleep paralysis
47
Q

What is cataplexy

A

Loss of muscle power and tone triggered by a onset of strong emotions

48
Q

What is narcolepsy explained by

A
  • brain chemicals (cells that produce hypocretin in the hypothalamus might be damaged not keeping us awake)
  • genes (10% family members have it)
  • stress
  • evolution
49
Q

What is the unconscious mind

A

An inaccessible part of the mind that affects behaviour and feelings

50
Q

What is the Id in Freud’s personality theory

A

The part of Freud’s personality theory that is demanding the though of ‘I want’

51
Q

What is superego in Freud’s personality theory

A

The part of Freud’s personality theory that is the conscience, thought of as ‘you can’t have’

52
Q

What is the ego in Freud’s personality theory

A

The part of Freud’s personality theory that is reasoning, to balance demands of the Id and superego

53
Q

What is the manifest content

A

The story the dreamer tells of what happens in a dream

54
Q

What is the latent content

A

The deeper meaning behind what is said the dream is about

55
Q

What is dreamwork

A

The transformation into unconscious thoughts into dream content

56
Q

What does dreamwork consist of

A

Condensation, displacement, secondary elaboration

57
Q

What is condensation in dreamwork

A

Many ideas appear as one idea in a dream

58
Q

What is displacement in dreamwork

A

Something unimportant seems to be important shifting away from something important

59
Q

What is secondary elaboration in dreamwork

A

Using muddled ideas from dreamwork to build a story

60
Q

What is the condensation, displacement and secondary elaboration in dreamwork in this scenario

Beatrice set up suddenly in bed after another strange dream: an eagle swooping to pick up a mouse, just missing it, the mouse running, just reaching shelter, insects buzzing around as if to attack the eagle. A house nearby, a baby crying outside, the eagle refusing to go away.

A

Condensation: insects buzzing around could be one idea hiding many, such as attacking to protect, feeling reluctant to do so, making a lot of noise, feeling helpless
Displacement: the focus is on the eagle, but perhaps it is the running mouse that is the main feature
Secondary elaboration: in the interpretation, the eagle, mouse and insect seem to make a story but the house and baby do not fit. Perhaps the whole dream was told us a story to help it makes sense.

61
Q

What are strengths of Freud’s theory of dreaming

A
  • his data was qualitative, detailed and focused on real individuals and increased validity
62
Q

What are weaknesses of Freud’s theory of dreaming

A
  • cannot be easily tested so cannot be shown to be true or false
63
Q

What is Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis theory of dreaming

A
  • They pointed out the brain is active during REM sleep where our muscles are not working so there is paralysis
  • during REM sleep sensory information is not coming into the brain however random thoughts are sent
  • called the ‘activation’ part of the theory
64
Q

What is movement inhibition

A

Muscles are not working so there is paralysis

65
Q

What is sensory blockade

A

Sensory information is not coming into the brain however random

66
Q

According to Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis theory of dreaming what happens when REM sleep is on

A
  • perception comes from within the brain, not from the outside
  • Eye movements are generated and can be seen
67
Q

According to Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis theory of dreaming what happens when REM sleep is off

A
  • physical movements are blocked
  • stimulation from the outside the body is blocked
68
Q

What are strengths of Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis theory of dreaming

A

Using animals to study brain function has the strength of being able to experiment in a way that cannot be done using humans

69
Q

What are weaknesses of Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis theory of dreaming

A

Animals are different from humans so evidence from animals is not relevant or generalisable

70
Q

What is the aim of Freud: Little Hans

A
  • help the individual
  • build evidence for his theory of how children develop
71
Q

What is psychosexual stages

A

Freud’s theory of a child development

72
Q

What is phallic stages and age range

A

3-5 years
Third of Freud’s stages during which the Oedipus complex is worked through

73
Q

What is the Oedipus complex

A

Part of Freud’s phallic stage
A boy had unconscious feelings for his mother and hates his father, who he sees as a rival and fears will castrate him

74
Q

What is the procedure of Freud: Little Hans

A
  • studied little hans by gathering lots of detailed information from regular reports sent to him by the parents
  • looked at Hans’ phobia or horses
  • studied Hans’ dreams
75
Q

What is the results of Freud: Little Hans

A

PHOBIA OF HORSES
- Hans saw lots of horses in the street and feared they would fall down if pulling loaded carts (he saw one die like that)
- didn’t like black bits around horses mouth as they symbolised his father
- Hans phobia helped with imagination and role-play. In his imagination he wrote his father into a different role of a grandfather and it would help hands to rearrange his anxiety so that his father would castrate him as a rival for his mother‘s love
AN EARLY DREAM
- Little hans’ father reported a dream where hands woke up in tears saying he thought his mother was gone and he had no mummy (showing anxiety) hans would fear his father taking his mother away
THE GIRAFFE DREAM
- Little hands had a dream about giraffes. In the dream, there was a big giraffe in the room and a crumpled one. The big giraffe shouted out because little hands took the crumpled away. Both freud and little hans father thought that the big giraffe was a symbol for a penis. Little hands like to get to bed with his parents in the morning.
- The big giraffe was Hans’ father and the crumple giraffe was his mother
- A young boy has sexual feelings for his mother while fearing his father and guilt

76
Q

What is a strength of Freud: Little Hans

A
  • gathered a lot of in-depth and detailed information from the parents - increased validity
77
Q

What is a weakness of Freud: Little Hans

A
  • there is a learning explanation to explain Hans’ phobia. Little hands did see a horse fall down and die so might have learned his fear from this real incident. From this he could’ve generalised his feelings of anxiety and fear at the time to all horses.
78
Q

What was the aim of Siffre six months alone in a cave

A
  • See how people would get on when travelling through space
  • Wanted to see what is natural sleep cycle was when he was deprived of external environment cues
79
Q

What was the procedure of Siffre six months alone in a cave

A

Went to a midnight cave in Texas USA on 14th of February 1972
- Came out in September of the same year
- Lived in a large chamber that was 130 meters from the entrance of the cave down a 30 meter vertical shaft
- He had frozen food to eat and 780 gallons of water to sustain them
- he undertook experiments while in the cave
Every time Siffre woke up phoned his team to record ‘day’ and took memory and physical tests

80
Q

What was the results of Siffre six months alone in a cave

A
  • became depressed and upset at his lack of freedom
  • He wanted to trap a mouse he could hear nearby to end his loneliness
  • His record player broke and his books were damaged by damp and he began to think about suicide
  • came out the cave with worse eyesight and psychological problems
  • his periods of sleep and wake were longer than 24 hours
  • arranged from 18 hours to 52 hours
81
Q

What was the conclusionsof Siffre six months alone in a cave

A
  • if I was a variation in the sleep weeks cycle and keep the day and time are missing
82
Q

What was the strnegths of Siffre six months alone in a cave

A
  • lots of data about his bodily and mental functioning
  • Done over a long period
83
Q

What was the weaknessesof Siffre six months alone in a cave

A
  • Criticise because light came on when woke up and went off when he went to sleep. They were strong light and would affect his internal body clock.
  • not generalisable ( one off case study)

psychology (8 decks)

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