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psychology > brain and neuropsychology > Flashcards

brain and neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the brain where higher processing happens

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2
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Area at the front of the brain responsible for decision-making and impulse control

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3
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Area on the side of the brain that controls hearing and memory

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4
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Area at the back of the brain that controls vision

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5
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Area at the top of the brain that plays an important role in perception and sensations of touch

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6
Q

What is a cerebellum?

A

Area of brain near the brainstem that controls motor movements

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7
Q

What is the right side of the brain control?

A

The left side of the body

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8
Q

What does the left side of the brain control?

A

The right side of the body

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9
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Sick bundle of nerve fibre connecting the two hemispheres of the brain so they can communicate with each other

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10
Q

What does it mean by asymmetric function?

A

The left and right side of the brain control different stuff

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11
Q

What is controlled by the left hemisphere?

A

Speech, logical thinking

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12
Q

What is the Broca’s area?

A

Part of the left hemisphere that controls speech production

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13
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

Spatial awareness and creativity

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14
Q

What is spatial awareness?

A

Ability to negotiate space and navigate through the environment

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15
Q

Females were better at what skills?

A

Language

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16
Q

Males were better at what skills?

A

Spatial

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17
Q

Do men show dominance for one hemisphere?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do females use both sides of the brain?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are strengths of lateralisation as an explanation of sex differences between males and females?

A

Male and female brains may work differently because of how the roles of different areas of the cortex are organised

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20
Q

What are weaknesses and lateralisation does an explanation of sex differences between males and females?

A

A study published suggested that there is no strong evidence that female use both hemispheres for a language tasks

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21
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell that transmits information

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22
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Boys role in attention and learning non-of dopamine can make it difficult to concentrate on tasks

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23
Q

What is GABA?

A

Plays a role in calming us down when we feel stressed

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24
Q

How are messages passed throughout the nervous system from one neuron to the next?

A

Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons that allow chemical messages to pass between them. An electric impulses triggered inside the cell body of a neuron the neuron then passes a small impulse along the acts towards the end of the nerve fibre.

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25
Q

What is axon?

A

Long structure that connects the cell body of a neuron to the terminal button at the end of the cell

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26
Q

What are receptors?

A

Special sites and neurons that are designed to absorb neurotransmitter molecules

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27
Q

What is a visual agnosia?

A

An inability to recognise things that can’ be seen

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28
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Face blindness or an inability to recognise faces

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29
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

The area of the brain cortex is the very front of the frontal lobe immediately behind the forehead

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30
Q

What is agnosia?

A

An inability to interpret sensations and thus to recognise things

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31
Q

What are symptoms of visual agnosia?

A

Not be able to recognise the colour of an object, recognise an object, or recognise places they are familiar with

32
Q

What is the fusiform face area?

A

Helps in face recognition

33
Q

What are symptoms of prospagnosia?

A

Can’t Identify faces

34
Q

What is the impact of damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A

They can become more aggressive

35
Q

What was the aim of Sperry’s study?

A
  • cognitive functions that are linked to each hemisphere in the brain
36
Q

What was about participants of Sperry’s study?

A

11 patients that all had a cut corpus callosum
- 9 had surgery recently
- 2 had surgery had surgery long time ago and an excellent recovery

37
Q

What was the procedure of Sperry’s study?

A
  • used a piece of apparatus that allowed testing of the right and left halves of the visual field separately conducting of 6 tasks by pointing to or picking up objects to identify them
38
Q

What was about key findings of Sperry’s study?

A
  • left visual field was processed by right hemisphere
  • right visual field was processed by left hemisphere
  • patients could name an object if they held it in their right hand
  • patients left hand could point to correct answers for basic calculations
39
Q

What was conclusions of Sperry’s study?

A
  • left hemisphere dominant in processing language
  • right hemisphere dominant in solve simple calculations, spatial skills
40
Q

What was about participants of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • based on Phineas Gage
41
Q

What was the aim of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • identify location of brain damage using 3D imaging
42
Q

What was the procedure of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • used 3D images to represent Phineas brain
  • guessed where the iron rod could enter (20 points in total)
43
Q

What was the key findings of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • pre frontal cortex damaged
  • caused a change in personality
44
Q

What was strengths of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • more valid because able to use modern day technology to investigate data from 1848
  • make predictions about what changes to behaviour we might expect if someone suffers from brain damage
45
Q

What were weaknesses of Damasio et al’s study?

A
  • information may be inaccurate (150 years ago) / may not be reliable
  • not generalisable as study is unique to Gage
46
Q

What were strengths of Sperry’s study?

A
  • gathered lots of info / improving reliability
47
Q

What were weakness of Sperry’s study?

A
  • not generalisable / sample of 11 too small
48
Q

What is post mortem

A

Examination of body after death

49
Q

What is an EEG (electroencephalograph)

A

Method of measuring brain activity using electrodes placed on the scalp

50
Q

What is an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A method of studying the brain using electromagnets

51
Q

What is a PET (positron emission tomography)

A

Imagery showing the amount of energy being used throughout the brain

52
Q

What are situational factors affecting conformity?

A
  • size of the majority
  • unanimity of the majority
  • task difficulty
53
Q

What is the size of majority and how it effects conformity in situational factors

A

If there are more people in a group, you are more likely to conform

54
Q

What was Asch’s study?

A

Experimental presented the group with a card displaying three lines of different lengths labelled a, B and C. They were then shown with the single line on it and asked to say which of the three lines resembled. The confederate lied and picked a line that was nothing like the line on the card. So the participant picked the wrong one

55
Q

What is the unanimity of majority and how it effects conformity in situational factors

A

If there is a disagreement in the group, you will choose own desicion

56
Q

What is the task difficulty and how it effects conformity in situational factors

A

If the task is hard, we are more likely to look for the right answer

57
Q

What are personality factors affecting conformity?

A
  • locus of control
58
Q

What is locus of control?

A

Extent to which we believe we have control over our behaviour

59
Q

How does internal locus of control affect personality in conformity

A

If we feel we can control our own behaviour, we are said to have internal locus of control
Less likely to be convinced by others

60
Q

How does external locus of control affect personality in conformity

A

If we feel do not have control over our behaviour we are said to have a external locus of control
More likely to be convinced by others

61
Q

What is blind obedience

A

When we comply with the orders of an authority figure without question

62
Q

What was Milgram’s shock experiment

A

Participants watched as Mr. Wallace was strapped to a chair and electrode to a placed on his arm in order to give him a shock. Each participant was asked to give and remember word pairs that were read out to him. The shocks were not real, but the participant believe they were.
Participants could hear Mr. Wallace protesting for the electric shocks to stop, but Mr Williams gave them instructions to continue.

63
Q

What are situational factors affecting obedience to an authority figure?

A
  • proximity of the victim
  • proximity of the authority figure
  • authority figure
  • legitimacy of the context
  • personal responsibility
64
Q

What percentage of participants went to the highest shock in Milgram’s shock?

A

65%

65
Q

What was the highest amount volts in Milgram’s shock experiment

A

450 volts

66
Q

How does proximity of the victim affect obedience to an authority figure?

A

If victim is far away, you are more likely to obey the authority figure

67
Q

How does proximity of the authority figure affect obedience to an authority figure?

A

The closer the authority figure, the more likely you are to obey

68
Q

How does authority figure affect obedience to an authority figure?

A

If an authority looks more legitimate (i.e wearing a lab coat in glasses), we are more likely to obey

69
Q

How does personal responsibility affect obedience to an authority figure?

A

When asked to work with others, we are more likely to obey as we feel we are not doing the thing asked

70
Q

What percentage reached 450 volts in Milgram’s shock experiment ?

A

10%

71
Q

What is momentum of compliance?

A

When we start something, we feel the need to continue

72
Q

What are personality factors affecting personality?

A
  • authoritarian personality
73
Q

How does authoritarian personality affect obedience in personality factors?

A

More likely to follow orders as they tend to be respectful of authority

74
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is seen as helpful, kind, co-operative and peaceful

75
Q

What is antisocial behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive

psychology (7 decks)

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