developmental psychology Flashcards
What develops at 3-4 weeks in the brain?
A long tube which is divided by the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
At 5 weeks, what splits in the brain?
Forebrain and hindbrain
When does the cerebellum develop?
6 weeks
When does the medulla oblongata develop?
20 weeks
What does the cerebellum control?
Motor movements
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Involuntary responses
What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years
What are key features of the sensorimotor stage?
- learn by the 5 senses
- develop object permeance at 6 months
What is the age range for the pre operational stage, as well as the two stages within?
2-4 = symbolic function stage
4-7 = intuitive thought stage
What are key features of the symbolic function stage?
- start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
- egocentric
- animism
What are key features of the symbolic function stage?
- start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
- egocentric
- animism
What is object permeance?
Knowing something is there without seeing it
What is egocentrism?
Not being able to see from others viewpoints
What is animism?
Giving life-like qualities to inanimate objects
Wha5 are key features of the intuitive thought stage?
- children ask a lot of questions
- centration
- irreversibility
What age range is the concrete operational stage?
7-12
What are key features in the concrete-operational stage?
- decentric
- conservation
- reversibility
- seriation
What is the age range for the formal operational stage?
12+
What are key features of the formal operational stage?
- complex thinking
- logic and reasoning
What is a schema?
Mental representation of your environment
What is adaptation?
Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world
What is assimilation?
Incorporating new ideas into a schema
What is accommodation?
When a schema is changed to deal with new experiences
What is equilibrium?
When a schema works
What are strengths of Piaget’s theory?
- it has practical applications as it can be used for teaching
What is a weakness of Piaget’s theory?
- did not look at social interactions
- lacked validity
What is a fixed mindset?
Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable
What is a growth mindset?
Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities
What is effort?
Trying to do better using determination
What is ability?
What someone can do
Praising effort leads to what?
Growth mindset
Praising ability leads to what?
Fixed mindset
What are strengths of Dweck’s mindset theory?
Practical applications as it links to education
What are weaknesses of Dweck’s mindset theory?
Supporting evidence came from artificial experiments- data may lack validity
Who said factual knowledge precedes skill?
Willingham
What does it mean by factual knowledge precedes skill?
Building on existing knowledge to problem solve
What does it mean by practice and effort?
Practice until it becomes automatic
What are strengths of Willingham’s learning theory?
Practical applications as can be linked to education
What are weaknesses of Willingham’s learning theory?
Evidence comes from various areas of cognitive science
What was the aim of the three mountains task?
Tests children’s egocentrism
What were the participants in three mountains task?
- 100 children
- 21 aged between 4 and 6
- 30 aged between 6 and 8
- 33 aged between 8 and 9
- 16 aged between 9 and 12
What was the procedure of the three mountains task?
- used a model of 3 mountains,10 photos used and a doll
- asked questions about what they could see from the dolls POV and their POV
What were key findings in the three mountains task?
- 4-6 year olds could not identify view doll would see
- 7-9 year olds attempted to select what the doll saw
- 9-12 year olds accurately decided what the doll saw
What are conclusions of the three mountains task?
Children in the pre-operational stage could not see others viewpoints (egocentric).
Children in the concrete-operational stage see others viewpoints clearly
What is a strength of the three mountains task?
- reliable
- intended what it intended to measure
What is a weakness of the three mountains task?
Many criticised the study
What is the aim of Gunderson et al’s study?
- investigated the use of praise used by parents to children
- looked at whether person praise and process praise had an effect in children 5 years later
What does Gunderson’s study tells us about the participants?
- 53 children from Chicago (29 boys, 24 girls)
What was the procedure of Gunderson’s study?
- visited the children at home and recorded how parents praise them (14,26,38 months)
- children 7-8 years old given 2 questionnaires later in life
What are key findings of Gunderson’s study?
- person praise less shown at 38 months compared to 14 months
- boys received more process praise
What are conclusions in Gunderson’s study?
Girls received more process praise
What is a strength of Gunderson’s study?
- parents didn’t know the aim
What is a weakness of Gunderson’s study?
- unethical as parents didn’t know the aim
- parents may changed style of praise due to being observed
What are Piaget’s theory of moral development?
Heteronomous
5-10 years - focus on action’s consequences
Autonomous
10+ years - focus on intentions of a action
What are Kohlberg’s stages of morality?
Pre-conventionality
Conventional
Post-conventional
According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is pre-conventional?
Obeying to avoid consequences
According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is conventional?
Wanting to be liked by society
According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is post-conventional?
Ethical behaviour is important and own moral principles were key
What is person praise?
Praising the individual
What is process praise?
Someone praises what is being done
