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developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What develops at 3-4 weeks in the brain?

A

A long tube which is divided by the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

At 5 weeks, what splits in the brain?

A

Forebrain and hindbrain

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3
Q

When does the cerebellum develop?

A

6 weeks

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4
Q

When does the medulla oblongata develop?

A

20 weeks

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5
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Motor movements

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6
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Involuntary responses

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7
Q

What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

A

0-2 years

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8
Q

What are key features of the sensorimotor stage?

A
  • learn by the 5 senses
  • develop object permeance at 6 months
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9
Q

What is the age range for the pre operational stage, as well as the two stages within?

A

2-4 = symbolic function stage
4-7 = intuitive thought stage

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10
Q

What are key features of the symbolic function stage?

A
  • start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
  • egocentric
  • animism
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11
Q

What are key features of the symbolic function stage?

A
  • start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
  • egocentric
  • animism
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12
Q

What is object permeance?

A

Knowing something is there without seeing it

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13
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Not being able to see from others viewpoints

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14
Q

What is animism?

A

Giving life-like qualities to inanimate objects

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15
Q

Wha5 are key features of the intuitive thought stage?

A
  • children ask a lot of questions
  • centration
  • irreversibility
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16
Q

What age range is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-12

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17
Q

What are key features in the concrete-operational stage?

A
  • decentric
  • conservation
  • reversibility
  • seriation
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18
Q

What is the age range for the formal operational stage?

A

12+

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19
Q

What are key features of the formal operational stage?

A
  • complex thinking
  • logic and reasoning
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20
Q

What is a schema?

A

Mental representation of your environment

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21
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world

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22
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Incorporating new ideas into a schema

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23
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When a schema is changed to deal with new experiences

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24
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

When a schema works

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25
Q

What are strengths of Piaget’s theory?

A
  • it has practical applications as it can be used for teaching
26
Q

What is a weakness of Piaget’s theory?

A
  • did not look at social interactions
  • lacked validity
27
Q

What is a fixed mindset?

A

Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable

28
Q

What is a growth mindset?

A

Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities

29
Q

What is effort?

A

Trying to do better using determination

30
Q

What is ability?

A

What someone can do

31
Q

Praising effort leads to what?

A

Growth mindset

32
Q

Praising ability leads to what?

A

Fixed mindset

33
Q

What are strengths of Dweck’s mindset theory?

A

Practical applications as it links to education

34
Q

What are weaknesses of Dweck’s mindset theory?

A

Supporting evidence came from artificial experiments- data may lack validity

35
Q

Who said factual knowledge precedes skill?

A

Willingham

36
Q

What does it mean by factual knowledge precedes skill?

A

Building on existing knowledge to problem solve

37
Q

What does it mean by practice and effort?

A

Practice until it becomes automatic

38
Q

What are strengths of Willingham’s learning theory?

A

Practical applications as can be linked to education

39
Q

What are weaknesses of Willingham’s learning theory?

A

Evidence comes from various areas of cognitive science

40
Q

What was the aim of the three mountains task?

A

Tests children’s egocentrism

41
Q

What were the participants in three mountains task?

A
  • 100 children
  • 21 aged between 4 and 6
  • 30 aged between 6 and 8
  • 33 aged between 8 and 9
  • 16 aged between 9 and 12
42
Q

What was the procedure of the three mountains task?

A
  • used a model of 3 mountains,10 photos used and a doll
  • asked questions about what they could see from the dolls POV and their POV
43
Q

What were key findings in the three mountains task?

A
  • 4-6 year olds could not identify view doll would see
  • 7-9 year olds attempted to select what the doll saw
  • 9-12 year olds accurately decided what the doll saw
44
Q

What are conclusions of the three mountains task?

A

Children in the pre-operational stage could not see others viewpoints (egocentric).
Children in the concrete-operational stage see others viewpoints clearly

45
Q

What is a strength of the three mountains task?

A
  • reliable
  • intended what it intended to measure
46
Q

What is a weakness of the three mountains task?

A

Many criticised the study

47
Q

What is the aim of Gunderson et al’s study?

A
  • investigated the use of praise used by parents to children
  • looked at whether person praise and process praise had an effect in children 5 years later
48
Q

What does Gunderson’s study tells us about the participants?

A
  • 53 children from Chicago (29 boys, 24 girls)
49
Q

What was the procedure of Gunderson’s study?

A
  • visited the children at home and recorded how parents praise them (14,26,38 months)
  • children 7-8 years old given 2 questionnaires later in life
50
Q

What are key findings of Gunderson’s study?

A
  • person praise less shown at 38 months compared to 14 months
  • boys received more process praise
51
Q

What are conclusions in Gunderson’s study?

A

Girls received more process praise

52
Q

What is a strength of Gunderson’s study?

A
  • parents didn’t know the aim
53
Q

What is a weakness of Gunderson’s study?

A
  • unethical as parents didn’t know the aim
  • parents may changed style of praise due to being observed
54
Q

What are Piaget’s theory of moral development?

A

Heteronomous
5-10 years - focus on action’s consequences

Autonomous
10+ years - focus on intentions of a action

55
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of morality?

A

Pre-conventionality
Conventional
Post-conventional

56
Q

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is pre-conventional?

A

Obeying to avoid consequences

57
Q

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is conventional?

A

Wanting to be liked by society

58
Q

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is post-conventional?

A

Ethical behaviour is important and own moral principles were key

59
Q

What is person praise?

A

Praising the individual

60
Q

What is process praise?

A

Someone praises what is being done

psychology (5 decks)

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