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criminal psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Receiving something pleasant for a behaviour so we repeat it

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2
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

The avoidance of something unpleasant so we do it again

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3
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement

A

Received praise for hitting someone so they do it again

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4
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement

A

If someone is able to stop a bully by punching them it is likely the will use their fists to solve problems in the future

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5
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning from consequences of actions

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6
Q

What is positive punishment

A

Recieving something unpleasant for a behaviour so we don’t so it again

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7
Q

What is negative punishment

A

Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behaviour again

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8
Q

What is an example of positive punishment

A

If someone does a criminal act and is fined and imprisoned

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9
Q

What is an example of negative punishment

A

Child is disruptive at a birthday party which they are enjoying so the parent removes them from the party to sit in the corner

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10
Q

What is primary reinforcers

A

A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

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11
Q

What is an example of primary reinforcers

A

Theft to buy water and food

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12
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

Reinforcers with no survival value but learned to associate it with a primary reinforcer

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13
Q

What is an example of a secondary reinforcer

A

A credit card

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14
Q

What are strengths of operant conditioning

A
  • can be used to explain a wide range of crimes
  • explains punishment can remove an undesirable behaviour- offenders are punished through the removal of civil liberties
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15
Q

What are weaknesses of operant conditioning

A
  • not all crime is committed through recieving reinforcement or punishment
  • behaviour can be reproduced in the absence of reinforcement or punishment
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16
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Behaviour is learned through the observation and imitation of role models

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17
Q

What is the identification and modelling process in social learning theory

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Identification

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18
Q

What is attention to social learning theory

A

In order to learn something you must be able to and want to pay attention to it

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19
Q

What is retention to social learning theory

A

For learning to take place, you must be able to store or retain the new behaviour in your memory

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20
Q

What is reproduction to social learning theory

A

To be able to model the new behaviour you observed, you need to be able to reproduce it

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21
Q

What is motivation to social learning theory

A

You are more likely to model a behaviour you have observed someone do if you are motivated to reproduce it

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22
Q

What is identification to social learning theory

A

When you adopt the behaviour, beliefs and values of the role model or group

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23
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Motivation to model the behaviours of others who we see being rewarded for their behaviour

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24
Q

What are strengths of social learning theory

A
  • Bandura conducted a study and it proved aggression was copied
  • theory can explain why some people exposed to criminality to become criminals and others do not
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25
Q

What are weaknesses of social learning theory

A
  • can’t ethically taste whether exposure to aggression can have long term effects
  • some criminal behaviour cannot be explained by observational learning
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26
Q

What twins are both more likely to become criminals

A

Monozygotic

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27
Q

What is extra version

A

Behaviour that is outgoing, sensation-seeking and sociaable

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28
Q

What is introversion

A

Behaviour is reserved, calm and quiet

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29
Q

What is personality

A

Characteristics and qualities that make up someone’s individual character

30
Q

What is temperament

A

The nature someone is born with, which affects their behaviour

31
Q

What is unstable neuroticism

A

Personality trait associated with being over reactive in stressful situations, over emotional and anxious

32
Q

What is stable neuroticism

A

A personality trait associated with being unreactive in stressful situations and emotionally unaffected.

33
Q

What is psychotism

A

a personality trait that is cold, lacks empathy, is antisocial and can be aggressive.

34
Q

What can personality traits be measured with

A

by Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ)

35
Q

What is a high E score mean in the EPQ

A

People with a high E score on the EPQ are believed to have a nervous system that has a low arousal level, so they seek external stimulation to raise their biological arousal level. They do this by being outgoing and sensation-seeking.

36
Q

What does a low E score mean on the EPQ

A

People with low E scores are believed
to have a nervous system characterised by high arousal, so they avoid thrill and excitement in order to dampen their biological arousal level.

37
Q

What does a high N score mean on the EPQ mean

A

Unstable neurotics have a high N score and are believed to have a nervous system that responds very quickly under stressful conditions; they tend to over-react quickly.

38
Q

What does a low N score mean in EPQ

A

In contrast, people with low N scores have an unreactive nervous system, meaning they are calm under stressful conditions.

39
Q

What does a high P show in the EPQ

A

Having a high P score means that a person is cold, lacks compassion and can be antisocial.

40
Q

What are PEN scores

A

Score psychotism, extroversion and neuroticism

41
Q

What are high PEN scores showing

A

Criminality

42
Q

What are strengths of Eysenck’s theory

A
  • combines biological, psychological and social factors - holistic
43
Q

What are weaknesses of Eysenck’s theory

A

Criminality can be considered to be more about environmental conditions than personality traits

44
Q

What is recidivism

A

an offender is punished for their crime but commits another crime when released

45
Q

What is rehabilitation

A

programme designed to help offenders rather than punish them.

46
Q

What is custody

A

A prison sentence

47
Q

What are strengths of a prison as a deterrent to reoffending

A
  • removes criminal from public life so they don’t have to opportunity to commit more crimes
  • keeps society safe
48
Q

What are weakness of a prison as a deterrent to reoffending

A
  • prisoners are exposed to criminality role models while serving time - role models may commit crimes within prison and may reward other inmates for breaking prison rules
  • unethical as human rights are removed
49
Q

What is community sentencing

A

an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison; they have to pay back the community by doing jobs such as removing graffiti.

50
Q

What is a strength of community sentencing as a way to reduce offending

A
  • offenders are given a second chance to make up for their crime by giving something back to their community
  • community sentences are only given in appropriate circumstances, they may be more suitable punishments than imprisonment
51
Q

What is a weakness of community sentencing as a way to reduce offending

A
  • seen as a soft punishment and cannot be used as an alternative to imprisonment
52
Q

What is restorative justice

A

when a victim and offender meet; it is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime.

53
Q

What is a strength of restorative justice as a way of reducing reoffending

A
  • restorative justice has a high victim satisfaction rate of around 85 per cent - shows that victims are able to ask questions and communicate their point of view to an offender
  • 14 per cent reduction in recidivism, compared to not using restorative justice.
54
Q

What is a weakness of restorative justice as a way to reduce reoffending

A
  • can cause distress to both offender and victim as it involves personal contact via a face-to-face meeting or by letter
  • time-consuming and costly
55
Q

What is a token economy programme

A

A programme designed to reward prisoners for prosocial behaviour; prisoners collect tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.

56
Q

What is a strength of token economy programmes

A
  • short term increase of pro social behaviour within a prison
57
Q

What are weaknesses of token economy programmes

A
  • token economies are fairly economical and can be administered by prison staff. However, they do need commitment from prison staff and prisons for them to work
  • tokens are not found in everyday life
58
Q

What is an anger management programme

A

Cognitive behavioural treatment for violent offenders to help them control their anger

59
Q

What are the three stages in a anger management programme and what are they

A

Cognitive preparation = offender reflects on their anger
Skills acquisition = offender learns new skills to help them control their anger
Application practice = involves role playing anger triggering situations so offender can practice skills

60
Q

What is a weakness of an anger management programme

A
  • programme can be abused by offenders
    -offender needs to be highly motivated
61
Q

What was the aim of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A

children would imitate aggression that was role-played by an observed adult. The researchers were specifically interested in whether the sex of the role model and sex of the child would be an important factor in whether a child would imitate aggression or not.

62
Q

What was the procedure of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A
  • 36 girls and 36 boys aged between 37 and 69 months
  • 8 groups of 6 children and.a control group of 24
  • model was seen to hit the doll aggressively or played nicely and children were asked to play in another room with other toys
63
Q

What was the results of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A
  • children exposed to aggressive role model
  • boys were more likely to copy the same-sex aggressive role model compared to girls
  • girls spent more time with dolls and a tea set boys spent more time with a toy gun
64
Q

What was the conclusion of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A
  • children learn through observation with the absence of reinforcement
  • children learn aggression from adult role models
65
Q

What was the strengths of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A
  • standardized procedure, making it replicable and reliable
  • children were matched in groups according to their normal levels of aggression
66
Q

What was the weaknesses of the imitation of aggressive role models by Bandura

A
  • children were tested in a unfamiliar environment and may have guessed the aim of the research, lacking validity
  • children were exposed to aggression and couldn’t predict long term effects - unethical
67
Q

What was the aim of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • effects of television on children’s behaviour
  • whether television made them aggressive
68
Q

What was the procedure of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • went to an island in 1994 and recorded behaviour of children for 4 months
  • set up in two primary schools aged between 3-8 years old over 2 weeks
  • recorded 256 minutes
  • 5 years later after television introduced and filmed again
  • filmed 344 minutes over 2 week period
69
Q

What was the results of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • no change in antisocial behaviour observed in children
  • boys had a tendency to display more antisocial acts than girls
70
Q

What was the conclusion of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • television had little influence on behaviour of children
  • might be environmental conditions specific
71
Q

What was the strengths of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • same primary schools were used
  • natural experiment as children didn’t know about the experiment
72
Q

What was the weakness of Charlton’s Study on Children’s Playground Behaviour On Broadcast Television

A
  • Williams conducted a similar study and found that television did increase aggression in children
  • programmes on the island were not the same as mainland television - could contained less violence

psychology (7 decks)

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