Sleep and Dream Flashcards
How many theories and studies are in this theme
1)internal and external influences of sleep
2)Freud’s theory of dreaming
3)Hobson and McCarley’s activation synthesis
4)Little Hans
5)Siffre investigating zeitgbers
characteristics of Stage 1 in the stages of sleep
-NREM
-Theta and alpha brain waves
-Muscles are less active and experience a sudden twitch.
-slow eye movements
characteristics of stage 4 in the stages of sleep
-NREM
-Very deep sleep and very hard to wake up
-No eye movements
-can feel disoriented when woken up
-all waves are delta waves.
Characteristics of the REM stage
-experiences dreaming in this stage
-Sensory blockade
-Movement inhabitation by shutting down pons at the base of the brain next to the spinal cord
-eyes are flickering.
-lasts about 2 hours
-heart race and blood pressure will rise
how long does the sleep cycle last for
90 mins
what is meant by sleep deprivation
when we do not have enough sleep and this affects our physical function and biological functioning
one importance of REM sleep
It stimulates learning
two importances of deep sleep
-helps repair neurones
-avoids the breakdown of proteins
Circadian rhythms VS Ultradian rhythms
Circadian rhythms are human body rhythms that have a 24 hour cycle
Ultradian rhythms are human body rhythms that are less than 24 hours
what controls the circadian rhythms
*hint, in the middle of our brain
The SCN
How does temperature play a role in the sleep-wake cycle
Temperature rises as we being to wake up however it drops when we start fall asleep
How does Jet lag affect our sleep cycle and what are its effects
- Because we have been exposed to different time zones
-there is light when we have already been ‘set’ to sleep
-can cause daytime irritation and low concentration
our internal biological clock is ___________ and keeps biological rhythms synchronised
Endogenous
which two hormones are involved with sleep
ACTH and melatonin
which gland releases the ACTH hormones and when
The pituitary gland
ACTH- when we are stressed
How does Melatonin affect our sleep levels
it is triggered by darkness
It synchronises our circadian rhythms
It can also be used as medication
What was discussed in the internal influences of sleep
*hint 3
The SCN
Hormones
Temperature
3 Strengths of internal influences
-Research evidence :Miles et al
He researched on people who were blind and found out that their bodily rhythms are 25 hours
-Li-You Chen found that it can be applicable to early sleep deprivation by supplying melatonin supplements
-Shows that the SCN plays a role in our biological clock. Hamsters who did not have the SCN their bodily rhythms had stopped.
2 Weaknesses of internal influences
-Mainly used animal studies, which cannot necessarily generalise to human beings
-Studies for Miles et al may also not generalise to all blind people as it can show those with NLP blindness may perceive light and colours differently
examples of external factors
- food
-drinks
-medication
External cues are ____________
Exogenous
what do Zeitgebers mean
“Time givers”
what is the main zeitgebers
Light
which study discussed entrainment
Jeanne and Charles (2009) found out how our body clock is set over a 24 hour period to fit in with external cues about time.
it is done through changes to light and dark
strengths of external influences
-can be applicable to shift workers
-Debra and Ralph (2004) agree that social stimuli are cues of time. However they also agree that Zeitgebers are stronger than social cues
weaknesses Of External influences
-Research evidence:
-Siffre so that his findings did not match with other studies findings
-It may be hard to conduct studies on zeitgebers as artificial light is being used and that can affect their natural sleep wake cycle
differences between secondary and primary sleep disorders
Primary- this is a sleep disorder that has to do with the disorder itself
Secondary- this is a sleep disorder that has do with other symptoms of another disorder
what are the symptoms of insomnia
*3
-Feeling tired but not being able to sleep during the day
-waking up a lot at night
-not feeling refreshed when waking up
feeling irritable and lack of concentration
Causes of Insomnia
-jet lag
-shift workers
-depression
-illnesses
-medication such as antidepressants can affect REM
-food and drinks
what is Narcolepsy
This is a sleeping disorder that has trouble controlling their sleep- wake cycle and often experience involuntary daytime sleeping
symptoms of narcolepsy
*4
-Excessive daytime sleeping
-Hallucinations
-Cataplexy about 70% experience this
-abnormal REM sleep and sleep paralysis
3 Reasons for Narcolepsy
-Genetics
-stress/trauma: Wayne Barker (1948)
-In Narcolepsy, cells in the hypothalamus that release hypocretin are damaged hence, leads to EDS
what did Freud believe about symbols in dreams
Freud believed that dreams have symbols that mean something and should be analysed by a professional to uncover that meaning
what did Freud say about the
Id
Super ego
Ego
Id- this is the child development thinking of “I want…”
Superego- This is the Childs development of “I cannot have…” thinking
Ego-balances out the Id and Superego. In this way, leads to the development of repression and not remembering.
Manifest content VS Latent content
Manifest content- is the STORY of the dream that the dreamer tells
Latent content- this is the hidden MEANING of the dream and is what dream analysis focuses on
what is dream work
This refers to the way our unconscious thoughts are hidden during dreaming
what is condensation
This is when several ideas appear as one idea so they are uncovered
Displacement
When something unimportant is made important. Our attention is shifted something else in order to avoid something threatening
Secondary elaboration
This is when muddled ideas are created in order to build a story in our dream. Bits are added to our dreams in order for it to make sense
what was one thing the psychoanalyst had to know in order to interpret their dreams
The patients history
3 Strengths of Freuds theory
+He collected qualitative data
+the patients approved of the findings
+Research evidence: Guenole et al found that dreams “Guard” sleep
2 Weaknesses of Freuds theory
-Because they were case studies, they cannot necessarily generalise the results
-the theory is unscientific since dreams cannot be measured objectively
What was the Activation part in Hobson and McCarleys theory
Activation referred to the random thoughts being releases by the neurone in the brain causing electrical impulses and are crossed through the synaptic gap
What was the synthesis part in Hobsons and Mcarleys theory
This referred to the brain generating “nonsense” and then trying to make sense of it,
Strengths to the active synthesis theory
-They gave evidence as to how our brain is still alert (rapid eye movement) yet we receive no sensory information. They performed this on cats and saw that their pons and reticular activating system was active
-Can experiment on animals and reduce ethical issues
Weaknesses of the active synthesis theory
-Cannot generalise animal findings to humans
- research evidence: Rittenhouse, Stickgold and Allan Hobson found out that 34% of 200 dreams did not make any sense however were reported in a way that did make sense.
Children went through the phallic stage between what Ages
3-5 years old
What did the Oedipus complex show
an example: A boy has unconscious feelings for his mother and hates his father and considers him his rival as he fears his father will castrate him
what as the aim of Little Hans
*2
-to give evidence to his theory
-To help the individual
the Results of Little Hans
Freud’s interpretation of the:
Phobia of horses- he believed that the horses black bits represented the fathers moustache and that he had a fear of the father finding out about the sons feelings. he moved him to the grandfather
An early dream- Freud saw that Hans feared losing his mother and it related to the oedipus complex
The giraffe dream- when Hans took the crumpled giraffe and the big giraffe yelled at him, it was interpreted that Hans wanted to take his mother away from his father
What were the 2 conclusion in the Little Hans study
-It showed that his theory of the Oedipus complex was supported by the study , Hans seemed to fear his father
-He also seemed to want to keep his mother away from his father.
2 Strengths to the Hans study
-It was qualitative data analysis from the boy himself as well
-He recorded the data diligently and accurately making it scientific.
Weaknesses to the Hans study
-Lacked generalisability as this was a case study
-Hans could have generalised his fear of horses to any incident of seeing horses rather than just one incident.
what did Siffre want to investigate
He wanted to see how his body clock related to not having any time cues
What were the aims of Siffre
-he wanted to investigate whether your sleep wake cycle is affected by no external cues (light/ zeitgebers) in space travel
-He also wanted to investigate whether he can replicate the 48 hour day pattern
what was the distance of the cave for Siffre
130 metres from the entrance down a 30m vertical shaft
How did Siffre stay in contact with researchers
He would phone them and tell them its day. At night he would phone them and tell them it was night
What were the results from Siffre’s study
-He felt lonely
- He got severely depressed
-Poor eyesight
-His STM had been affected
-The results varied later on with 18 hours to 52 hours. With only 2 days he had 48 hours.
what were Siffre’s 2 conclusions
He understood that time needs external cues
He saw that isolation without external cues is manageable if erratic
Strengths of Siffres study
-He collected both quantitative and Qualitative data, keeping track of his progress
-The study was covered for a long time and there was no particular rhythm
Weaknesses of Siffre’s study
Researcher evidence: Czeisler et al replicated the study with less artificial light and found there to be 20-28 hour cycle
- Cannot generalise the results as Siffres case was unique with mice, dampness, telephone communication and other issues.
ARE YOU READY?
YES…. A
