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Psychology term 1, 2, 3 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the theories and studies that took place in this theme:

A

1)Piaget and Inhelder (1956)
2)Piaget theory on cognitive development and development of Intelligence
3)Piaget stages of development
4)Dwecks mindset theory and effects of learning
5) Gunderson et. al (2013) praise
6)Willingham learning theory and effects of learning on development
7)Piagets theory of moral development 1932
8)Kholberg theory of model development 1958
9) Damon on the moral self 1999

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2
Q

what is considered the “little brain” in development

A

The cerebellum

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3
Q

on which week does the neural plate form

A

the 3rd week

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4
Q

when is the brain fully formed. but not its full size.
*hint in months

A

6 months

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5
Q

what is the role of nature and nurture in development

A

nature-these are the characteristics, traits we inherit from genes
Nurture-These are the characteristics, traits we have based on environmental factors

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6
Q

which studies have helped us learn about nurture in development

A

Animal studies

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7
Q

What is a schema

A

These are mental building blocks of knowledge that develop in response to our experiences in the world

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8
Q

Piaget believed that Cognitive development was linked to__________ and _________

A

Maturations(biology) and environment

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9
Q

Assimilation VS Accommodation

A

Assimilation-this is when an existing schema is used on a new object.
Accommodation- When a schema is completely removed or has changed to deal with a new experience

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10
Q

what is meant by the term ‘equilibrium’

A

when the Childs schema works for them. A state of mental balance.

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11
Q

List all 4 stages of development

A

-sensorimotor stage
-Pre operational stage
-concrete operational stage
-Formal operational stage

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12
Q

Age numbers between intuitive thought stage VS Symbolic function stage

A

symbolic has 2-4 years
Intuitive has 4-7 years

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13
Q

what is the main characteristic present in the Pre-operational stage

A

EGOCENTRISM

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14
Q

What is seriation in the concrete operational stage

A

This is ordering of objects based on their appearance and size

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15
Q

Irreversibility VS reversibility

A

Irreversibility- not believing that an action can be reversed to original state
Reversibility- Believing an action can be reversed to its original state

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16
Q

decentration VS centration

A

Decentration- Focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring all other relevant features
Centration- Able to see multiple views of a situation

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17
Q

how can Piagets cognitive development theory help in Development

A

-Placing children in classes based by age
-Teaching them based on what stage they are in
-Giving science problems
-letting them explore

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18
Q

what did Piaget believe about Development in Intelligence

A

-Mention Knowledge and skill
-mention the 4 stages
-mention schemas, adaptations and equilibrium

19
Q

what are some strengths and weaknesses from Piaget’s theory

A

strengths
-can be applicable
-Has done a great amount of research
Weaknesses
-It is subjective and lacks validity
-didn’t consider outside backgrounds and factors

20
Q

How many children participated in the “three mountain task” Piaget and Inhelder (1956)

A

100 children

21
Q

What are some ways the child was questioned in the “three mountain task” experiment

A

-place the shapes to show what their view was
-place the shapes to show what the doll could view
-from the pictures, pick what they could see
-from pictures, pick what the doll could see
-Pick the doll and place it to see what the child sees

22
Q

what were the objects that were present in “the three mountain task”

A

-a wooden doll
-the three mountain with the largest being grey with a white top, the second largest having a cross and a path with the colour brown, the smallest being green with a house
-10 Pictures of different viewpoints
-three cards that showed the colour of the mountains

23
Q

what did the results for 4-6.5 ages tell in Piaget’s study (1956)
*mention stage

A

Pre operational stage
they picked pictures and placed the cards based on their own view point even if asked about the doll’s.

24
Q

what did Piaget conclude in his study.

A

Children up to 7 years old were egocentric as they could not see from a view point other than their own.
Older children (7+) were not egocentric

25
Q

What are the weaknesses of Piaget’s study

A

-Lacks generalisability- all participating children were from Switzerland
-Criticism from other studies as this scenario wasn’t “realistic” (Helen broke)

26
Q

What is mindset

A

These are a set of beliefs that someone has that helps them respond to a situation

27
Q

the two types of mindset are….

A

Fixed mindset- believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable
Growth mindset- Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities

28
Q

What did Dweck believe about this theory on development and teachers

A

-children can develop a fixed mindset in something they can’t do
-Growth teachers see children improve with perseverance
-teachers can see children who have a particular ability.

29
Q

other than this theory having research evidence, name one other strength of Dwecks theory

A

-practical applications
teachers giving tasks based on their efforts allowing them to improve.

30
Q

Person praise VS Process praise

A

Person- praising the persons ability
Process- Praising the persons efforts/ actions

31
Q

what was the aim for Gunderson et al (2013)
*hint 3 aims

A

there were 3 aims:
-whether children are affected by the different parental praises
-parents give more person praise to girls than boys and vice versa
-to see whether the two praises affect the children motivational frameworks later on

32
Q

Why was this study criticised eithical wise (Gunderson et al)

A

They were deceived- told that this was a child development study but it was based on the different praises.

33
Q

what was the conclusions in Gundersons study

A

-close relationship of process praise with incremental motivational framework
-partial support as person praise didn’t necessarily lead to entity motivational framework
-boys received more process praise than girls
-girls tend to attribute failure to ability more than boys.

34
Q

what did Willingham believe about learning styles

A
  • he believed they don’t really exist
  • Instead the students should be taught using the best method based on the content they were being taught in.
35
Q

Why does factual knowledge come before skill according to Willingham

A

-knowledge frees up space in the working memory
-Knowledge can help development of skills, problem solving and reasoning.
-when someone already understands a concept (previous knowledge), it leaves them more processing power.

36
Q

strategies to support development for cognitive development and
social development

A

Cognitive development:
-remembering the Childs abilities
-considering factors other than developmental
-using good problems

Social development:
-encouraging self regulation
-to help children stop impulsive behaviour

37
Q

define development of morality

A

This is the Childs growing understanding of what is right and wrong.

38
Q

Piaget STILL believes just like cognitive development has stages, so does morality. List all 3 of them WITH their ages

A

1) pre- moral stage (3-4 years)
2)Heteronomous morality stage (4-6 years)
3)Autonomous morality stage (6-7years)

39
Q

Heteronomous stage VS Autonomous stage

A

heteronomous-
-believes rules cant be broken
-Moral realism
-bad behaviour = bad punishments

Autonomous-
-believes can be broken and can get away with it
-moral relativism
-wrongdoers can miss punishments

40
Q

what occurs in the pre- moral stage

A

Children here hold no moral judgements

41
Q

Kholberg suggested morality has 3 different levels what are the stages involved in each of them.

A

Level 1 pre-conventional morality
-stage 1: child obeys and avoids punishments
stage 2: Rewards and self interests

Level 2 conventional morality
stage 3: being seen as ‘good’ conforming to rules
stage 4: Being authority figures which is a duty

Level 3 post conventional morality
stage 5:every individual has a social contract that contains their moral beliefs, everyone is subject to their own moral differences
Stage 6: Moral principles are universal that must be followed by every individual

42
Q

What did Damon believe about development on the Moral self
*hint influences

A

Mention how it Is influenced by environment and social influences
based on your:
-biology
-social experiences
-intellectual development

43
Q

weaknesses about Damons theory on Moral self

A

-Not useful
-not generalisable

44
Q

Are you prepared?

A

YES

Psychology term 1, 2, 3 (8 decks)

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