Memory Flashcards
How many studies and theories were present in this theme, list them:
1)Bartlett and “the war of ghosts” 1932
2)Atkinson and shiffrin multi store model 1968
3)Peterson, Peterson 1959
4)Bartlett reconstructive memory 1932
what is processing
these are the operations we perform on sensory info in the brain
what are the forms that memory can take. List them:
-episodic
-semantic
-procedural
what does procedural memory mean
this recalls memories of complex skills (motor skills)
*mention motor code
for humans, information from the surrounding is inputed via our ________
senses!
what is encoding
turning sensory info into a from to be stored in our brain
there are three ways of encoding information, list and define them
Acoustic encoding - holding sound information
Visual encoding- holding visual information
Semantic encoding- holding the meaning/definition of that word.
what is output
this is the retrieval of stored memories
forms of output
-recall
-recognition
-relearning
what comes first in the Atkinson model
-sensory store
features of the sensory store
-stores via attention
-has a duration of 0.5 seconds
has a capacity of 1 sensation
-receives information to do with our senses/ senses- specific encoding
-we may have smaller stores that are specific to each sense.
features of the STM (short term memory) store
-stores via rehearsal
-has a duration of 18-30 seconds
-has a capacity of 7+/-2 (seven items)
-is encoded via acoustic encoding
-if not rehearsed may undergo decay/ displacement
features of LTM (long term memory) store
-stores info from STM from encoding
-has a duration that is a lifetime or less
-has a capacity that is limitless
-it is encoded via semantic encoding
-if not recalled for a long time, memory may undergo decay.
Duration vs Capacity
Duration- the amount of time info can be stored in the long term and short term memories.
Capacity- the amount of info that can be stored in the long term and short term memories
what are the weaknesses of Atkinson’s model of theory
-doesnt explain how we still remember information we haven’t memorised
What is cognitive interview and what does it try to avoid
Cognitive interview- a police interview ensuring less active reconstruction to take place.
it avoids Omissions and transformation
*What is active reconstruction
memories cant be an exact copy of what we experienced but instead is an interpretation that is influenced by our schemas
Briefly explain the theory of Reconstructive memory
-mention Bartlett
-mention memory and what a schema is
*schema- a packet of knowledge about an event, person or place that influences how we remember.
-how our brain isn’t like a computer that stores an exact copy but instead memories are recalled from our experiences and understanding of that event.
some schemas can be shared between a _________ or something personal to us
culture!
Bartlett said that recall can be displayed through
*hint 4 factors
-Omissions: Leaving out unfamiliar details when remembering
Transformations- Details are changed/ transformed to make them rational
Familiarisation- Changing unfamiliar
details in order for it to fit into our schema
Rationalisation- Adding details to give a reason for something that does not fit into our schema
what do the therms ‘Iconic memory ‘and ‘Echoic memory’ mean
Iconic- sensory that registers visual info before decay
Echoic sensory registers acoustic info before decay.
What was the aim off Bartlett (1932) War of the ghosts
*hint, 2 aims
to test the nature of reconstructive memory using an unfamiliar story.
AND
Seeing whether or not our personal schemas influenced them
Briefly go over the procedure for Bartlett (1932)
*hint- mention repeated and serial reproduction
Participant were asked to read a story called The war of Ghosts. Later were to recall it with either serial reproduction or Repeated reproduction.
Serial- they were to recall and tell another person after 15 to 3 minutes later.
Repeated- they were to write out the story 15 minutes later. Then recall several times
Give examples of objects that were changed when recalling the events from ‘The war of the Ghosts’
Hunting was to fishing
canoe became boat
spears became guns
black came out of his breath to the mans dying breath
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Bartlett (1932)
Strengths
-it is considered as an everyday task as remembering stories is a natural task
- Bartlett replicated. Reliability
-Qualitative data was received
Weaknesses
-Some results were subjective
-unscientific
-the procedure was not standardised.
-lacked mundane realism
What is Amnesia
this is the loss of memories from an accident or disease
Types of Amnesia
Retrograde- Not remembering info prior to the accident
Anterograde- The inability to make new memories
What was the main AIM for Peterson Peterson (1959)
To find out the true duration of the short term memory
Briefly go over the procedure for Peterson (1959)
hint* trigrams
-24 students took part
-The students were each given a trigram and were told to repeat it out loud
-after they were to count backwards in threes or fours
-they were signalled by red light to recall the trigram that they were given
-procedure was repeated 48 times.
-The second experiment allowed participants to have more time to repeat the trigram before counting backwards.
What did Peterson Peterson concluded (1959)
Information held in our STM fades very rapidly and only 10% were recalled after 18 seconds
mention 1 strength and 1 weakness from Peterson (1959)
Strength- it was a standardised procedure
Weakness- Lacks mandane realism
Reductionism VS Holism
Reductionism:
-scientific
-quantitative research
-laboratory experiments
Holism
-considers other factors
-Qualitative research
-may be a Natural experiment
how does Reductionism and Holism play a role in memory research
Atkinson- was reductionist
-considered our memory as stores/ series of components
-investigated HOW memory is stored and left out WHY. (reductionist)
Bartlett- was holistic
-used qualitative research methods
-considered each individuals different schemas
