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Psychology term 1, 2, 3 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

How many studies and theories were present in this theme, list them:

A

1)Bartlett and “the war of ghosts” 1932
2)Atkinson and shiffrin multi store model 1968
3)Peterson, Peterson 1959
4)Bartlett reconstructive memory 1932

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2
Q

what is processing

A

these are the operations we perform on sensory info in the brain

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3
Q

what are the forms that memory can take. List them:

A

-episodic
-semantic
-procedural

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4
Q

what does procedural memory mean

A

this recalls memories of complex skills (motor skills)
*mention motor code

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5
Q

for humans, information from the surrounding is inputed via our ________

A

senses!

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6
Q

what is encoding

A

turning sensory info into a from to be stored in our brain

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7
Q

there are three ways of encoding information, list and define them

A

Acoustic encoding - holding sound information
Visual encoding- holding visual information
Semantic encoding- holding the meaning/definition of that word.

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8
Q

what is output

A

this is the retrieval of stored memories

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9
Q

forms of output

A

-recall
-recognition
-relearning

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10
Q

what comes first in the Atkinson model

A

-sensory store

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11
Q

features of the sensory store

A

-stores via attention
-has a duration of 0.5 seconds
has a capacity of 1 sensation
-receives information to do with our senses/ senses- specific encoding
-we may have smaller stores that are specific to each sense.

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12
Q

features of the STM (short term memory) store

A

-stores via rehearsal
-has a duration of 18-30 seconds
-has a capacity of 7+/-2 (seven items)
-is encoded via acoustic encoding
-if not rehearsed may undergo decay/ displacement

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13
Q

features of LTM (long term memory) store

A

-stores info from STM from encoding
-has a duration that is a lifetime or less
-has a capacity that is limitless
-it is encoded via semantic encoding
-if not recalled for a long time, memory may undergo decay.

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14
Q

Duration vs Capacity

A

Duration- the amount of time info can be stored in the long term and short term memories.
Capacity- the amount of info that can be stored in the long term and short term memories

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15
Q

what are the weaknesses of Atkinson’s model of theory

A

-doesnt explain how we still remember information we haven’t memorised

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16
Q

What is cognitive interview and what does it try to avoid

A

Cognitive interview- a police interview ensuring less active reconstruction to take place.
it avoids Omissions and transformation

17
Q

*What is active reconstruction

A

memories cant be an exact copy of what we experienced but instead is an interpretation that is influenced by our schemas

18
Q

Briefly explain the theory of Reconstructive memory

A

-mention Bartlett
-mention memory and what a schema is
*schema- a packet of knowledge about an event, person or place that influences how we remember.
-how our brain isn’t like a computer that stores an exact copy but instead memories are recalled from our experiences and understanding of that event.

19
Q

some schemas can be shared between a _________ or something personal to us

A

culture!

20
Q

Bartlett said that recall can be displayed through
*hint 4 factors

A

-Omissions: Leaving out unfamiliar details when remembering

Transformations- Details are changed/ transformed to make them rational

Familiarisation- Changing unfamiliar
details in order for it to fit into our schema

Rationalisation- Adding details to give a reason for something that does not fit into our schema

21
Q

what do the therms ‘Iconic memory ‘and ‘Echoic memory’ mean

A

Iconic- sensory that registers visual info before decay
Echoic sensory registers acoustic info before decay.

22
Q

What was the aim off Bartlett (1932) War of the ghosts
*hint, 2 aims

A

to test the nature of reconstructive memory using an unfamiliar story.
AND
Seeing whether or not our personal schemas influenced them

23
Q

Briefly go over the procedure for Bartlett (1932)
*hint- mention repeated and serial reproduction

A

Participant were asked to read a story called The war of Ghosts. Later were to recall it with either serial reproduction or Repeated reproduction.

Serial- they were to recall and tell another person after 15 to 3 minutes later.

Repeated- they were to write out the story 15 minutes later. Then recall several times

24
Q

Give examples of objects that were changed when recalling the events from ‘The war of the Ghosts’

A

Hunting was to fishing
canoe became boat
spears became guns
black came out of his breath to the mans dying breath

25
Q

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Bartlett (1932)

A

Strengths
-it is considered as an everyday task as remembering stories is a natural task
- Bartlett replicated. Reliability
-Qualitative data was received

Weaknesses
-Some results were subjective
-unscientific
-the procedure was not standardised.
-lacked mundane realism

26
Q

What is Amnesia

A

this is the loss of memories from an accident or disease

27
Q

Types of Amnesia

A

Retrograde- Not remembering info prior to the accident
Anterograde- The inability to make new memories

28
Q

What was the main AIM for Peterson Peterson (1959)

A

To find out the true duration of the short term memory

29
Q

Briefly go over the procedure for Peterson (1959)
hint* trigrams

A

-24 students took part
-The students were each given a trigram and were told to repeat it out loud
-after they were to count backwards in threes or fours
-they were signalled by red light to recall the trigram that they were given
-procedure was repeated 48 times.
-The second experiment allowed participants to have more time to repeat the trigram before counting backwards.

30
Q

What did Peterson Peterson concluded (1959)

A

Information held in our STM fades very rapidly and only 10% were recalled after 18 seconds

31
Q

mention 1 strength and 1 weakness from Peterson (1959)

A

Strength- it was a standardised procedure
Weakness- Lacks mandane realism

32
Q

Reductionism VS Holism

A

Reductionism:
-scientific
-quantitative research
-laboratory experiments

Holism
-considers other factors
-Qualitative research
-may be a Natural experiment

33
Q

how does Reductionism and Holism play a role in memory research

A

Atkinson- was reductionist
-considered our memory as stores/ series of components
-investigated HOW memory is stored and left out WHY. (reductionist)

Bartlett- was holistic
-used qualitative research methods
-considered each individuals different schemas

Psychology term 1, 2, 3 (8 decks)

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