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Psychology term 1, 2, 3 > Criminology > Flashcards

Criminology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some theories and studies that are associated in this theme

A

1)Learning theories as an explanation for criminology
2)Genetic explanation of criminality
3)the criminal personality
4)Bandura Ross and Ross 1961
5)Charlton et al (2000)

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2
Q

what does operant conditioning mean in criminology

A

A certain behaviour is likely to be repeated if reinforced and likely to not be repeated if punished

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3
Q

Positive VS Negative reinforcement with examples

A

Positive- RECEIVING something good from a particular behaviour. Obeying to get a treat
Negative- RECEIVING something good after avoiding something unpleasant. Getting up from bed to avoid the noisy alarm

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4
Q

Positive punishments VS Negative punishments

A

Positive- Getting something UNPLEASANT so we don’t do it again. A spanking
Negative- REMOVING something pleasant so we dont repeat it. No Tv the whole week

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5
Q

examples of primary and secondary reinforcers

A

primary- food, a home, clothes, pleasure
secondary- credit card, grades, money

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6
Q

what are some strengths for operant conditioning

A

-theory can explain a wide range of crimes
-led to development of behaviour managements

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7
Q

what does social learning suggest about criminality

A

That we observe and learn from one another rather than reinforcing or punishing

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8
Q

What takes place in the identification and modelling process
*Hint ARRMI

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Identification

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9
Q

What is a vicarious reinforcement

A

motivation to model the behaviours of a person who gets a reward for that certain behaviour

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10
Q

what are some examples of daily rewards

A

-acceptance from people
-food
-candy
-comfort
-compliments
-grades

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11
Q

evaluate the social learning theory of criminality

A

Strengths
-Bandura et al has great research support for this theory. Shows we are more likely to model the same sex
-This theory explains why children learn very fast rather that reinforcements
-explains why people get connected to crime so quick

Weaknesses
-this can just explain the short term effects
-some criminal behaviours cannot be explained from observation. e.g murders

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12
Q

what is some evidence that criminals can run in the family (Genes)

A

-Karl Christiansen found that if one MZ twin was a criminal there was a 52.5% the other twin was a criminal. However if one DZ twin was a criminal, there was a 22% chance that the other would also be a criminal.

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13
Q

what is personality

A

A set of characteristics/ traits that make up an individuals character

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14
Q

The Personality theory was. proposed by___________________ in 1964

A

Hans Eysenck

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15
Q

Examples of personality traits

A

-extravert/ introvert
-psychoticism
-neuroticism

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16
Q

Stable VS Unstable neuroticism

A

Stable- Having the ability to not over react in stressful situations
Unstable- over reacting and over emotional in stressful situations

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17
Q

what was the research method used to measure personalities in this theory

A

Questionnaires
The Eysenck personality questionnaire

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18
Q

people with high PEN results show high chances of ______________

A

Criminality

19
Q

what does this tell us about people with High PEN scores

A

have a biological nervous system that is more difficult to socialise with. These personalities are quick to react, sensation-seeking and lack empathy for others

20
Q

evaluate the personality theory

A

Strengths
-It is Holistic and takes personalities into consideration
-research evidence supports the idea of high PEN scores being related to criminals

Weaknesses
-Assumes that personalities are fixed and stable. However personalities can change based on the event we are in
-results from questionnaire aren’t all truthful. (desirable answers)

21
Q

what is Recidivism

A

when an offender is punished for their crime but commits another crime

22
Q

why are punishments effective for convicts
*hint operational conditioning

A

They are effective as they apply the principles of operant conditioning which demonstrates positive punishments stopping certain behaviours

23
Q

why are punishments effective for convicts

A

They are effective as they apply the principles of otperant conditioning which demonstrates positive punishments stopping certain behaviours

24
Q

how effective are prisons as a deterrent for reoffenders
*strengths & weaknesses

A

-can remove criminals from the public
keeping the public safe
-however young offenders are likely to reoffend again
-Prison can act as a positive reinforcement due to the friendship and livelihood given by cellmates
-more crimes may take place in prison

25
Q

what is community service

A

Instead of the offender going to jail, they perform duties that give back to the community.

26
Q

Examples of community services

A

-cleaning the street
-painting community buildings

27
Q

is community sentencing effective in reducing Recidivism?

A

with recidivism having a rate of 30%, community sentencing isn’t seen as an effective form of punishments.

28
Q

what is restorative Justice

A

This is when the convict and the victim of that crime meet and communicate with each other

29
Q

Give one weakness of restorative justice

A

-could cause distress for both the offender and the victim. Emotional distress.

30
Q

How do Token Economy programmes run

A

This is also based on the principles of operant conditioning. Prisoners are given tokens for prosocial behaviour as a reward, these are secondary reinforcers. Once they have collected a certain amount, they are allowed different privileges

31
Q

what are the 3 stages taken in anger management programmes

A

1)Cognitive preparation -reflects on their own anger
2)Skill acquisition- offender is given skills to control their behaviour
3)Application practice- tests their new skills with different situations

32
Q

how effective is anger management in reducing recidivism

A

mention Mixed results
-one study showed high risk offenders that went through with the program were less likely to reoffend
-However another study showed that this was due to educational benefits.

33
Q

what were the aims of Bandura, Ross and Ross 1961

A

-investigate whether children would imitate aggression played by an adult
-to see whether gender influences the likelihood of imitating aggression

34
Q

What were the names of the 3 rooms in Bandura and what did they perform

A

ROOM 1- modelling room
-the child was brought in individually
-an adult (either woman or man) would act aggressively towards a bobo doll
ROOM 2- the anger arousal room
-all 72 children are here
-several toys are present
-children are quickly told to leave the toys for the “good kids”
ROOM 3- The observation room
-two observers (double blind technique)
-was to see whether they would apply what they saw from the previous model in room 1

35
Q

What two conditions were present in Bandura

A

Aggressive and Non aggressive models

36
Q

What was the IV and DV of the study

A

IV-the models (female or male)
DV-levels of aggression made by the child with either verbal or physical aggression

37
Q

what did they conclude

A

-children could learn aggression from the same gender
-children could learn aggression from a model stranger
-verbal aggression is performed mainly by girls than boys
-physical aggression is performed mainly by boys

38
Q

what are some weaknesses to the study

A

-demand characteristics
-Did not look at the long term effects of these procedures. Could affect them psychologically. (unethical)

39
Q

what was the main aim of Charlton et al. (2000)

A

Investigated the effects of television on children behaviour

40
Q

where did this study take place

A

On the Island of St. Helna

41
Q

what was the IV and DV

A

IV- introduction to Television
DV- levels of aggression

42
Q

what sample method was used in this study and from what ages

A

-Opportunity sampling. They were present and available
-3-8 years old.

43
Q

this study lasted __________ years

A

Five

44
Q

what do the results show and what can we conclude

A

results:
-there was no antisocial behaviour being observed
-prosocial behaviour was shown twice as much as antisocial behaviour

conclusion:
TV introduction had very/ to no little effect on children behaviour
may be due to the environmental and community influence. Culture influence.

Psychology term 1, 2, 3 (8 decks)

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