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Psychology term 1, 2, 3 > Psychological Problems > Flashcards

Psychological Problems Flashcards

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1
Q

What theories and studies are present in this theme:

A

1)Genetic explanation of Unipolar depression
2)Cognitive theory as an explanation of depression
3)Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) treatment for depression
4)Cognitive behavioural Therapy treatment for addiction
5)Drug therapy both for addiction and depression
6)Genetic explanation for Addiction
7)Learning theory as an explanation for addiction
8)Caspi et al (2003) Depression
9)Young (2009) Internet addiction

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2
Q

what is Unipolar depression

A

a type of mood disorder, causing periods of feeling sad and lacking motivation to do everyday tasks

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3
Q

Mild symptoms of unipolar depression

A

doing everyday tasks but feeling sad all the time

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4
Q

moderate symptoms of unipolar depression

A

Having a tough time doing everyday tasks
bad eating habits

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5
Q

severe symptoms of unipolar depression

A
  • having suicidal thoughts and starting to do self harm
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6
Q

list 3 reasons why Depression rates have increased nowadays

A

-modern living is becoming demanding and expensive
-more people are becoming aware of the symptoms
-Teenagers and young adults have high levels do to the ‘social media life’
-hustle culture

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7
Q

How can depression affect both society and the individual

A

-the individual may miss work and that puts a lot of stress on the work place
-suicide rates have gone high and these puts pressure on health care services
-when the individual returns back to work, the work load will be too much for them
-prescribing anti-depressants is quite expensive

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8
Q

What gene is associated with depression

A

The 5HTT-hormone

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9
Q

what does the genetic explanation of depression suggest?
*hint studies

A

If there’s someone in your family having depression, it’s most likely that you may have it as well. this can be tested out with Twin studies

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10
Q

What is genetic predisposition

A

This is a biological tendency to develop a particular behaviour as a result of a gene someone has

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11
Q

An explanation for depression that claims people can have a gene that makes them more likely to develop depression, but only if they face a stressful situation that triggers these thoughts, what is this?

A

Diathesis-stress-model

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12
Q

who investigated the diathesis stress model theory

A

Caspi et al.

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13
Q

One strength and weakness of the genetic explanation for depression

A

strength- Takes away the stigma and shows that it’s not the individuals fault for getting depressed.
Weakness- This theory is deterministic

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14
Q

deterministic VS Free Will

A

free will- we have the choice to chose exactly what type of behaviour
Deterministic- Our actions come from what we are born with

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15
Q

What to examples fall under Cognitive theory as an explanation for depression
*hint model, triad

A

-Beck’s cognitive triad
-Ellis’s ABC model

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16
Q

What does Becks cognitive triad believe

A

that depression could be explained under 3 patterns.
mention:
-themselves
-future
-the world
when they concentrate on this, they may be prone to
magnification- a cognitive bias that makes people see a situation far bigger than it is.

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17
Q

What does A. B. C. stand for in Ellis’s model

A

A- the activating event
B-beliefs, thoughts about the event (either rational or irrational)
C- the consequences, rational VS irrational thoughts.

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18
Q

one strength and one weakness for cognitive theory on depression

A

strength- takes into account the persons events
weakness- some specific depressions don’t follow a thought process (biological)

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19
Q

What was the aim for Caspi et al. 2003

A

To investigate why stressful life events seem to lead to depression in some people and not others. Investigating the 5HTT gene.

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20
Q

how many participant took part?

A

847 participants

21
Q

this study involved_____________
*hint research methods

A

questionnaires!

22
Q

what was the independent variable in caps et al

A

the genes

23
Q

what did Caspi conclude

A

Nature and nurture both play a role that increase the chances of a person developing depression.

24
Q

strengths to Caspi et al

A

Large number for the sample, generalisable
results from the study is helpful to doctors. Doctors can look to the stress fully events of the patient.

25
Q

what is CBT

A

cognitive behavioural therapy is a therapy for mental disorders that aims to change thought processes in order to reduce symptoms

26
Q

what are the main aims for CBT

A

-Identify what is causing the depression
-Helping the patient with specific skills to help them improve.

27
Q

Briefly explain the stages taken during CBT for treating depression

A

first stage: discussing symptoms, why they feel that way
second stage:challenging their way of thinking, replacing irrational thoughts
patient may be given ‘homework’ with a diary noting down how they are experiencing this change and report it.

28
Q

what is a weakness for CBT as a treatment for depression

A

-Ethics- this therapy is making the patient believe their way of thinking is ‘wrong’ and think of them as a problem
-Patient must be motivated to continue CBT sessions

29
Q

What are the different type of anti depressants

A

-SSRI’S
-SNIR’S
-MAOI’S
-TCA’S

30
Q

What are some disadvantages of turning to drugs for treatment of depression

A
  • A placebo may be prescribed
    -side effects on the patient
    -does not treat the disorder but instead the symptoms
    -may relapse
31
Q

What is addiction

A

A psychological problem that make people feel that they ‘need’ or ‘have’ to do something in order to remove a negative feeling.

32
Q

list 2 symptoms of addiction

A

-replacing old activities with this addiction
-having withdrawal symptoms if you haven’t done that addiction
-ignoring evidence that shows it is harmful
-spending lots of money on this addiction.

33
Q

what is withdrawal

A

set of unpleasant symptoms either physical or psychological, someone gets after not taking or doing that addiction

34
Q

list 3 reasons on how Addiction has changed today

A

-Drugs such as opioids have become more cheaper and accessible that earlier times
-addiction is just substance-wise but is now on the internet as well
-news papers report increase in binge eating and alcohol intake

35
Q

how does addiction affect individuals and society

A

-ignoring family
-spending money on it
-can create a toxic place in the work place
-pressure on social services
-some people may turn to criminal behaviour

36
Q

which gene is associated in developing addiction, with which variation?

A

the DDR2 gene A1 variation

37
Q

what does the genetic explanation of addiction claim

A

People may do activities that could become addictive. Some people may do it several times but won’t get addicted, some people may do it once and are immediately hooked.

38
Q

what are weaknesses about this theory

A

-it is quite reductionist
-has not found a single gene that causes addiction because one gene linking to DDR2 is autism.

39
Q

there are 3 main learning theory explanations that help understand addiction:

A

-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning
-social learning theory

40
Q

How does operant conditioning explain addiction
*reinforcements and rewards

A

this is when we do something over and over again because we gain a positive consequence (rewards)

41
Q

what is classical conditioning
*associations

A

when we associate something with something else. An action with a good feeling.

42
Q

strengths of the learning theory

A

-we can try an unlearn them
-explains why relapses occur

43
Q

When treating addicts, CBT occurs in two key stages

A

-functional analysis
-skills training

44
Q

what does skills training aim to do

A

Therapist helps addict learn skills that they can use to avoid engaging in the addictive behaviour

45
Q

Evaluate CBT as a treatment for addiction

A

strengths- helps patient gain skills
-Kimberly Young’s evidence support

Weaknesses- Patient has to be again motivated to go for these sessions
-patients may gain skills but it will not reduce the problem

46
Q

what was the main AIM for Kimberly young (2007)

A

investigating the effect of CBT on internet addicts AND to see if these behaviours improve overtime from before sessions and after sessions

47
Q

what were her findings

A

-30% of men were addicted to porn
-30%of women were addicted to online chat rooms
-almost 96% said their biggest problem was time taken using apps.

48
Q

weaknesses to Kimberlys study

A
  • questionnaires that were filled may have not been so true due to ‘desirable answers’
    -results do not generalise to the other internet types of addictions
49
Q

What is detoxification

A

when an addict tries to stop taking a substance that they used to use

Psychology term 1, 2, 3 (8 decks)

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