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2007PSY 2 > sleep and biological rhythms > Flashcards

sleep and biological rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main psychophysiological measures used by sleep researchers?

A

EEG, EMG, and EOG

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2
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

brain wave changes

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3
Q

What does an EMG measure?

A

Muscle tension

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4
Q

What does an EOG measure?

A

Eye movement while eye is closed

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of sleep?

A

Alpha, Beta, Theta and Delta

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6
Q

A smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation. What stage of sleep is this?

A

Alpha activity

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7
Q

Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal. What stage of sleep is this associated with?

A

Beta activity

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8
Q

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave and REM sleep. This stage is known as?

A

Theta activity

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9
Q

Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. This stage is known as?

A

Delta activity

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10
Q

During which stage is the brain alert but not aroused?

A

Alpha

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11
Q

During which stage does the brain experience higher levels of arousal?

A

Beta

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12
Q

During which stage do you move into sleep and have a slower EEG?

A

Theta

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13
Q

What stage is also known as deep sleep?

A

Delta

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14
Q

During which stage do the senses shut down and are you no longer responding to sensory input?

A

Theta

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15
Q

A sudden loss of muscle tone that causes the person to collapse without loss of consciousness. Often seen in people with narcolepsy.

A

Cataplexy

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16
Q

A condition where the person is overcome by sudden bouts of intense sleep that can last between 5 and 30 minutes is known as?

A

Narcolepsy

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17
Q

A small gland situated near the thalamus, once thought by Descartes to be the seat of the soul, but now known to secrete the hormone melatonin, which is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

A

Pineal gland

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18
Q

An apparatus invented by Hans Berger in the 1920’s that enables the gross electrical activity of the brain to be recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp is knows as?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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19
Q

Sleep that is characterised by slower EEG brain waves (7 -1 Hz) than those found in waking where beta (13 -30 Hz) and alpha activity (8-12 Hz) predominate.

A

Slow wave sleep

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20
Q

A stage of sleep characterised by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, lack of muscle tone, and eye movements. It is also the stage of sleep in which we normally dream.

A

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

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21
Q

The hormone released by the pineal gland and believed to be important in the regulation of the body’s circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin

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22
Q

A period of desynchronised EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur.

A

REM sleep

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23
Q

All stages of sleep except REM sleep:

A

Non-REM sleep

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24
Q

Non-REM sleep, characterised by synchronised EEG activity during deeper stages:

A

Slow-wave sleep

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25
Q

Rapid, irregular waves, lack of muscle tone, rapid eye movements, genital activity, dreams

A

REM

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26
Q

Slow waves, moderate muscle tone, slow or absent eye movements, no genital activity, night terrors

A

Slow-wave

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27
Q

In the first 8 months of life the child sleeps for how many hours a day?

A

14-15 hours

28
Q

What is REM sleep necessary for?

A

Storage of information in the brain to allow learning and memory to take place

29
Q

When does the maturation of the sleep cycle normally occur?

A

early adolescence (6-8 hours a night)

30
Q

How much of our sleep is spend on REM sleep?

A

One-quarter

31
Q

By age 50, how much time is spend sleeping?

A

4-6 hours

32
Q

A highly complex network of dispersed nuclei and fibre tracts that extend throughout the core of the brainstem to the thalamus. It is involved in a wide range of functions including the regulation of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex:

A

Reticular formation

33
Q

the region of the brainstem above the medulla and lying below the midbrain. It contains a number of important nuclei including the locus coeruleus and the raphe:

A

Pons

34
Q

Serotonin loss is linked with what?

A

sleep loss

35
Q

What are orexins?

A

A class of neuropeptides sometimes called hypercretins that had been associated with eating. Lack of this receptor is crucial for narcolepsy.

36
Q

Narcoleptics have a reduction of what neuron in the hypothalamus compared with controls?

A

Orexin

37
Q

Where are orexins produces?

A

By a cluster of neurons in the posterior half of the lateral hypothalamus

38
Q

The rotation of the earth causes predictable changes in light and temperature in our environment and all land animals co-ordinate their behaviour with these daily patterns. These daily patterns of behaviour are called?

A

circadian rhythms

39
Q

A tiny nucleus lying just above the optic chiasm in the medial hypothalamus that acts as a biological clock; it is important in the regulation of circadian rhythms:

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

40
Q

How long does it take to complete a SWS cycle?

A

about 90 minutes

41
Q

A sleep cycle consists of?

A

Four consecutive stages of SWS followed by REM sleep

42
Q

How many cycles are there in an average nights sleep?

A

4-5

43
Q

Which stage of sleep gets longer through out the night?

A

REM

44
Q

Which stage of sleep gets shorter throughout the night?

A

SWS, with stages 3 and 4 showing the greatest reduction

45
Q

The locus coeruleus contains neurons that release the neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline

46
Q

the raphe contains neurons that release?

A

Serotonin

47
Q

The brain structure which is the site of origin for pontine-geniculate-occipital waves, and also importantly involved in REM sleep is:

A

Gigantocellular tegmental field (GTF)

48
Q

The part of the brain that has been shown to function like a ‘biological clock’ is the:

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

49
Q

A dark blue-pigmented nucleus in the pons region of the brainstem that is the main origin of noradrenaline - containing neurons in the forebrain. It was once thought to be important for the generation of REM sleep.

A

Locus Coeruleus

50
Q

What does PGO stand for?

A

Pontine, geniculate, occipital

51
Q

Bursts of phasic electrical activity originating the pons, followed by activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex, a characteristic of REM sleep.

A

PGO waves

52
Q

When is neural activity in the raphe and locus coeruleus highest?

A

during awakening

53
Q

When does neural activity in the raphe and locus coeruleus decline?

A

during slow wave sleep

54
Q

When is neural activity in the raphe and locus coeruleus non existent?

A

REM sleep

55
Q

Primitive part of the brain that has many functions essential for life, controls ANS and vital reflexes:

A

reticular formation

56
Q

Controls level of arousal in other areas of the brain, regulates sleeo, waking and consciousness

A

reticular formation

57
Q

Area located in upper brainstem, crucial for REM sleep

A

pontine region

58
Q

area in the pons, involved in promotion of SWS

A

raphe nuclei

59
Q

area in pons, involved in REM sleep

A

locus coeruleus

60
Q

Paradoxical sleep is also known as?

A

REM sleep

61
Q

the ONSET of REM sleep is signalled by?

A

PGO waves

62
Q

Sleep stages 1 to 4 are termed?

A

NON REM sleep

63
Q

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as?

A

SLOW WAVE SLEEP

64
Q

Jet lag is most severe when travelling from?

A

West to East

65
Q

A hormone that induces sleep?

A

melatonin

2007PSY 2 (8 decks)

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