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2007PSY 2 > Neurological Disorders 2 > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An inherited form of dementia produced by a mutated gene on the short arm of chromosome 4:

A

Huntington’s disease

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of neurological disorders?

A

Developmental and acquired disorders

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3
Q

All types of brain injury that occur after birth are known as?

A

Acquired brain injury (ABI)

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4
Q

Injury to the brain that results in deterioration of cognitive, physical or behavioural functioning:

A

Acquired brain injury

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5
Q

What are external causes of ABI?

A

TBI, poisoning, inhalation of organic solvents, metabolic disturbance, alcohol, drugs, infections, disease (hiv/aids, bacterial, viral, parasitic, encephalitis)

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6
Q

What are internal causes of ABI?

A

Strokes, tumours, epilepsy, hypoxia/anoxia, secondary effects of TBI (haemorrhage or haematoma, intracranial pressure, brain swelling, post-traumatic epilepsy)

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7
Q

Who is most at risk of TBI?

A

Males aged 16-30

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8
Q

Who is most at risk of Dementia?

A

Females

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9
Q

Who is most at risk of stroke?

A

Males and females equally

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10
Q

The main cause of ABI for ages 16-30 is?

A

TBI

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11
Q

The main cause of ABI for ages 30-60 is?

A

TBI & alcohol related

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12
Q

The main cause of ABI for ages 45-70 is?

A

Stroke

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13
Q

The main cause of ABI for ages 75+ is?

A

Dementia

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14
Q

Penetration of the skull and brain substance is known as?

A

Open head injury

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15
Q

No loss of consciousness, localised symptoms and relatively rapid and spontaneous recovery are symptoms of?

A

Open head injury

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16
Q

What are causes of TBI?

A

Falls, motor vehicle accidents, violence/assaults, sports injuries and explosive blasts and other combat injuries.

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17
Q

What is used for the classification of severity for TBI?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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18
Q

What does the GCS check for?

A

eye, motor, and verbal functioning

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19
Q

What is the range used in the GCS?

A

3 - 15

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20
Q

A score of 3 -8 on the GCS is?

A

severe

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21
Q

A score of 13-15 on the GCS is?

A

mild

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22
Q

A score of 12-9 on the GCS is?

A

moderate

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23
Q

Duration during which the patient is confused, disoriented and unable to acquire/remember information:

A

Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)

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24
Q

What are two main symptoms of closed head injury?

A

Cognitive and emotion deficits

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25
Q

What are examples of cognitive deficits in CHI?

A

problems with attention, memory, executive function, decision making, organisation and judgement.

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26
Q

What are examples of emotion deficits in CHI?

A

Problems with personality, empathy and adjustment

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27
Q

A brain tumour is also called a?

A

Neoplasm

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28
Q

What are the two types of brain tumours?

A

Benign and Malignant

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29
Q

A clump of cells with a defined border is also known as a?

A

Benign tumour

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30
Q

Not likely to recur after removal, distinct border, compression effects, can still be dangerous depending on size and location - these are features of?

A

benign tumours

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31
Q

Cancerous, likely to recur after removal, fast growing, often originate in other parts of the body, lacks a distinct border and infiltrates surrounding tissue, difficult to remove and may metastasise - these are features of?

A

Malignant tumours

32
Q

A stroke is also known as?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

33
Q

A sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood supply to the brain is known as a

A

stroke

34
Q

What are the two different types of stroke?

A

Cerebral ischaemia (block) and Cerebral haemorrhage (bleed)

35
Q

High blood pressure, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation and angioma are causes of?

A

Cerebral haemmorrhage (bleed)

36
Q

Arteriosclerosis is?

A

thickening of artery walls

37
Q

Thrombosis and embolism is

A

fatty tissue/gas

38
Q

Insufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demand (oxygen deprivation) will cause

A

a cerebral ischaemia (block)

39
Q

If i ruptured an aneurism I would be having a?

A

cerebral haemmorrhage

40
Q

If a blood clot lodged in an artery in my brain this would be a?

A

Cerebral ischaemia

41
Q

A gradual decline in memory and related cognitive functions, such as language, reasoning and decision making skills is known as?

A

dementia

42
Q

How many people worldwide are affected by dementia?

A

18 million

43
Q

How many people in their 80’s suffer from alzheimers?

A

1 in 5

44
Q

How many people aged 70-80 suffer from alzheimers?

A

1 in 20

45
Q

What is the first stage of alzheimer’s

A

Gradual decline of cognitive functioning, mood swings, forgetful, absent-mindedness

46
Q

What is the second stage of alzheimer’s

A

Severe memory loss, interfere with work and relationships, speech comprehension becomes slower, disorganised behaviour, get lost, poor judgement, easily confused, no logical flow in speech

47
Q

What is the third stage of alzheimer’s

A

Severe disorientation and confusion, no longer recognise family/friends. aggressive, halluciations/delusions

48
Q

How long does the course of alzheimer’s take?

A

8 -10 years

49
Q

Hardened spherical discs containing amyloid found in the extracelluar spaces of the brain which are a feature of alzheimer’s disease:

A

Neuritic (Senile) plaques

50
Q

Tangles of fine filaments containing tau protein which are found in the cytoplasm of degenerating neurons and which are a feature of alzheimer’s disease:

A

Neurofibrillay tangles

51
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

52
Q

What are the risk factors of Alzheimer’s?

A

age, 1st degree relative, down syndrome, head injury, infection, exposure to toxic substances

53
Q

The protein produced by the gene that causes Huntington’s disease:

A

Huntingtin

54
Q

The main protein (typically containing a chain of 42 amino acids) found in neuritic plaques

A

B-amyloid

55
Q

What are the three key signs of parkinson’s?

A

shaking, slowness of movement, difficulty starting/initiating action

56
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

A motor disorder of the basal ganglia

57
Q

Dopamine depletion is a sign of?

A

Parkinson’s

58
Q

What is the mean onset age of parkinsons’s

A

55-65 years

59
Q

What is the first sign of parkinson’s disease?

A

Slight tremor of one hand

60
Q

What is bradykineasia?

A

Slow movement, actions become clumsy, impoverished and deliberate

61
Q

What is the second stage of parkinson’s disease?

A

Bradykineasia, tremor in arms when performing intentional acts (increase with stress, absent during sleep). Stiffness of limbs and trunk making balance and walking difficult. Stooped head down, shoulders drooped, shuffling walk. difficulty starting walking and freezing mid stride. Constipation, difficulty swallowing and incontinence.

62
Q

What is the third stage of parkinson’s?

A

Depression, subcortical dementia, decline in intelectual capacity

63
Q

What is a treatment of Parkinson’s?

A

L-dopa, a dopamine precursor - taken up by axon terminals in striatum to produce dopamine.

64
Q

What disease is the result of degeneration of striatum and increased dopamine?

A

Huntington’s disease

65
Q

What is the onset age of Huntington’s?

A

35-50 years

66
Q

What are the three main types of abnormality in Huntington’s disease?

A

Movement, Cognitive and Emotional

67
Q

How is movement affected in huntington’s?

A

clumsy, fidgety, jerky movements. Uncontrollable movements and tics, stumbling, rapid and flailing movements of arms and upper parts of body. jerks. Jaw clenching, inability to control eye movements, slurred speech.

68
Q

How is cognition affected in huntington’s?

A

slowed thought processes, forgetful and confused

69
Q

How are emotions affected in huntington’s?

A

mood swings, personality changes, aggressive outbursts, impulsive, excited - apathy

70
Q

How many people are affected by Huntington’s disease?

A

8-9 people per 100,000

71
Q

What kind of tumour is usually benign?

A

meninginoma

72
Q

What tumours are usually malignent?

A

glioma and astrocytoma

73
Q

The inability to accurately complete a plan of motor action is called?

A

apraxia

74
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with massive cell loss in the

A

prefrontal cortex

75
Q

Amensia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called?

A

posttraumatic amnesia

2007PSY 2 (8 decks)

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