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2007PSY 2 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the limbic system is involved in memory and emotion?

A

Hippocampus.

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2
Q

What is equipotentiality?

A

A term used by Karl Lashley referring to the idea that all parts of the association cerebral cortex play an equal role in the storage of memories. This view contrasts with the theory that different parts of the cerebral association cortex have highly specialised functions

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3
Q

What is another term for the anatomical biochemical, and/or physiological site of memory?

A

Engram

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4
Q

A large marine snail that has provided a simple animal model by which to examine the synaptic basis of learning and memory.

A

Aplysia

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5
Q

Describe classical conditioning?

A

A form of learning, first demonstrated by Pavolv, in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes behaviour (unconditioned stimulus). With repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that is able to evoke the behaviour by itself.

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6
Q

A form of short-term memory that is able to concurrently hold information while we process other information or perform a task is called?

A

Working memory.

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7
Q

the anatomical location of memory traces is also known as?

A

engram

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8
Q

When a stimulus is presented repeatedly it will slowly get ignored. This decrease in behavioural responding is known as ?

A

Habituation

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9
Q

When habituation is reversed it is called?

A

Dishabituation

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10
Q

Habituation is due to a reduction in what?

A

Calcium mobility

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11
Q

Sensitisation is due to?

A

Facilitation of calcium mobility. There is greater neurotransmitter release and greater motor response.

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12
Q

What are the structural changes of habituation?

A

Reduction in presynaptic terminal endings. Reduction in the size of the active zone where neurotransmitter is stored awaiting release so less neurotransmitter release.

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13
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

A long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated High frequency activity of that input.

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14
Q

What did George Hebb speculate in regards to long-term potentiation?

A

Memory must involve permanent changes in the structure of the neurons, which resulted from activity reverberating in neural circuits after learning and initially occurred.

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15
Q

A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input. This is known as?

A

Long-term potentiation.

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16
Q

What has HM taught us about the hippocampus and memory?

A

There are multiple memory systems in the brain

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17
Q

The hippocampus is necessary for information to be permanently laid down in the memory banks of the cortex. This process is called?

A

Consolidation

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18
Q

According to Lashley and Penfield, where are long-term memories stored?

A

cerebral cortex

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19
Q

What did HM have removed from his brain?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding cortex

20
Q

What type of amnesia is predominantly found in alcoholics and develops as a result of vitamin B deficiency due to a poor diet and long-term reliance on alcohol?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

21
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is also known as?

A

Diencephalic amnesia

22
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome associated with?

A

Generalised brain shrinkage

23
Q

In Korsakoff’s syndrome, where is the damage most frequently found?

A

In the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

24
Q

What two distinct regions of the brain are associated with human amnesia?

A

The medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon.

25
Q

What connects the medial temporal lobes with the diencephalon?

A

Papez circuit

26
Q

A massive pathway that contains around 1 million fibres, its main target is mammillary bodies but it also projects to other forebrain structures including the anterior thalamus and septum. this is the?

A

Fornix

27
Q

What is the focal point of the Yakovlev circuit?

A

The amygdala

28
Q

What structures are involved in the Papez circuit?

A

Hippocampus, Mammillary bodies, Anterior thalamus, Cingulate cortex. (HMAC)

29
Q

What structures are involved in the Yakovlev circuit?

A

Amygdala, Dorsomedial thalamus, Orbitofrontal cortex (ADO)

30
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

memory for dates and times (episodes of our lives). Used when we look back over our life and order events in the correct sequence for time and place.

31
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Our store of facts and information, our basic knowledge of the world.

32
Q

A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input is known as?

A

long-term potentiation

33
Q

A long-term decrease in neural excitability as a result of low-frequency stimulation is known as?

A

Long-term depression

34
Q

A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones is known as?

A

Associative long-term potentiation

35
Q

What are the two emotional memory circuits in the brain?

A

papez and yakovlev circuit

36
Q

What is working memory?

A

Keeping in mind what you have done recently

37
Q

where can place cells be found?

A

In the hippocampal formation

38
Q

A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment, most typically found in the hippocampal formation is known as ?

A

Place cell

39
Q

What did Donald Hebb theorise?

A

Learning and memory must involve large groups of neurons or CELL ASSEMBLIES, reverberating form some time after the event, which led to structural change at synapses.

40
Q

Increased electrical activity in neurons after learning is known as?

A

Long-term potentiation

41
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to lay down permanent long-term memories

42
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

“declared” into consciousness. “knowing that” memory

43
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Implicit or ‘knowing how’ knowledge.

44
Q

Receptors for which neurotransmitter substances are essential for longterm potentiation>

A

glutamate

45
Q

A synapse that is “strenghtened” as a result of reverberatory activity or learning is often called?

A

A hebbian synapse

46
Q

Damage to the entire hippocampal formation usually results in?

A

retrograde amnesia for about 15 years prior to the damage

2007PSY 2 (8 decks)

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