Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2007PSY 2 > drugs and drug misuse > Flashcards

drugs and drug misuse Flashcards

1
Q

A reduction in the potency of a drug due to learning or a change in behaviour of the user

A

Behavioural tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A major stimulant drug know for its highly addictive qualities. It has been shown to produce its reinforcing and euphoric effects by acting on the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

A

cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cocaine affects which part of the brain?

A

nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A reduction in the potency of a drug due to biological adaptation taking place in the body that may include pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms

A

Metabolic tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A large bundle of bi-directional fibres that courses through the hypothalamus and interconnects regions of the forebrain with midbrain

A

Medial forebrain bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An area of the tegmentum that receives input from the medial forebrain bundle and is the main source of dopaminergic neurons to the forebrain, believed to be particularly important for arousal and reinforcement

A

Ventral segmental area VTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A catecholamine neurotransmitter predominantly found in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex. It is also importantly involved in reward and reinforcement.

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A learned response that acts to reduce a drug’s impact on the body. It is believed to be an important contributor to drug tolerance.

A

Conditioned compensatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A chemical or drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the cell - normally by competing at a receptor site.

A

Antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The area of the brain sometimes called the ventral striatum that receives a dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmentum, which is importantly involved in reward and feelings of pleasure.

A

Nucleus Accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the psychoactive ingredient in what drug?

A

Marijuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A set of unpleasant physiological reactions and psychological distress that are typically caused when use of a drug is abruptly terminated after a period of time

A

Withdrawal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A drug with similar properties to opium including morphine and heroin. The central nervous system also produces similar substances called endogenous endorphins.

A

Opiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A chemical or drug that mimics or facilitates the action of a given neurotransmitter - normally by acting on its receptor

A

agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The brain contains neural symptoms that mediate responses to what?

A

reward and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who discovered that the brain contains neural systems that respond to reward and punishment?

A

1954 James Olds and his research student Peter Milner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the technique where the rats pressed a lever to receive brain stimulation electronically?

A

intracranial self-stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What region of the brain leads to the greatest rates of self-stimulation?

A

lateral hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A lare array of brain regions give rise to self-stimulation, it was found that most contributed to a massive multi synaptic pathway called the?

A

Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

20
Q

The dopaminergic pathway derives from cells in which parts of the brain?

A

Ventral segmental area (VTA) in the midbrain or from the substantial nigra also in the midbrain.

21
Q

What are the 3 main dopaminergic pathways?

A

mesolimbic patway, mesocortical pathway, and nigral-striatal pathway.

22
Q

The mesolimbic pathway projects to?

A

nucleus accumbens and amygdala

23
Q

The mesocortical pathway projects to?

A

frontal cortex and cingulate cortex

24
Q

The nigral-striatal pathway projects to?

A

caudate and putamen (striatum)

25
Q

What important neurotransmitters are involved in the reward pathway?

A

Noradrenaline is involved but the primary neurotransmitter is dopamine

26
Q

An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug.

A

Placebo

27
Q

The removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus
that is contingent on a particular response, with an
attendant increase in the frequency of that response

A

Negative reinforcement

28
Q

The imposition or increase of a pleasant stimulus
that is contingent on a particular response, with an
attendant increase in the frequency of that response

A

Positive reinforcement

29
Q

An opiate antagonist used to reduce ethanol self-administration in animals and has shown promise in treating human alcoholics:

A

Naltrexone

30
Q

What are of the brain is most associated with reinforcing effects?

A

Nucleus accumbens

31
Q

Olds and Milner found that what part of the brain gives the highest rate of self-stimulation?

A

lateral hypothalamus

32
Q

the MFB connects the forebrain with the?

A

midbrain

33
Q

Which of the following brain areas gives rise to self-stimulation, but is independent of the MFB?

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

34
Q

rewarding stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle caused the release of:

A

Noradrenaline NA

35
Q

Where in the brain is the ventral tegmental area located?

A

Midbrain

36
Q

The main pharmacological action of cocaine is to:

A

Block the re-uptake of dopamine

37
Q

The nucleus accumbens is generally considered to be part of what brain region?

A

Ventral striatum

38
Q

In the ventral tegmental area, morphine is known to act on opiate (mu) receptors located on:

A

GABAergic interneurons

39
Q

Structurally, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) resembles what neurotransmitter found in the brain?

A

Serotonin

40
Q

A drug that has effects on behaviour such a producing euphoria or dysphoria, sedation or stimulation or hallucinations:

A

Psychoactive

41
Q

The key to whether or not a drug habit is an addiction is

A

whether or not the drug has reinforcing effects

42
Q

withdrawal symptoms produced by a drug are

A

often opposite to the effects of the drug itself

43
Q

What are characteristics of stimulants?

A

increase in arousal, elevated mood, decrease in alertness

44
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

A very short term memory trace (250ms) that is easily overwritten by new material

45
Q

What is change blindness?

A

can’t identify changes between 2 visual scenes

2007PSY 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions